Table of Contents
This chapter describes how to obtain and install MySQL. A summary of the procedure follows and later sections provide the details. If you plan to upgrade an existing version of MySQL to a newer version rather than install MySQL for the first time, see Section 2.11, “Upgrading MySQL”, for information about upgrade procedures and about issues that you should consider before upgrading.
Determine whether your platform is supported. Please note that not all supported systems are equally suitable for running MySQL. On some platforms it is much more robust and efficient than others. See Section 2.1.1, “Operating Systems Supported by MySQL”, for details.
Choose which distribution to install. Several versions of MySQL are available, and most are available in several distribution formats. You can choose from pre-packaged distributions containing binary (precompiled) programs or source code. When in doubt, use a binary distribution. We also provide public access to our current source tree for those who want to see our most recent developments and help us test new code. To determine which version and type of distribution you should use, see Section 2.1.2, “Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install”.
Download the distribution that you want to
install. For instructions, see
Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”. To verify the integrity of the
distribution, use the instructions in
Section 2.1.4, “Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or
GnuPG”.
Install the distribution. To install MySQL from a binary distribution, use the instructions in Section 2.2, “Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution”. To install MySQL from a source distribution or from the current development source tree, use the instructions in Section 2.9, “MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution”.
If you encounter installation difficulties, see Section 2.13, “Operating System-Specific Notes”, for information on solving problems for particular platforms.
Perform any necessary post-installation setup. After installing MySQL, read Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”. This section contains important information about making sure the MySQL server is working properly. It also describes how to secure the initial MySQL user accounts, which have no passwords until you assign passwords. The section applies whether you install MySQL using a binary or source distribution.
If you want to run the MySQL benchmark scripts, Perl support for MySQL must be available. See Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”.
Before installing MySQL, you should do the following:
Determine whether MySQL runs on your platform.
Choose a distribution to install.
Download the distribution and verify its integrity.
This section contains the information necessary to carry out these steps. After doing so, you can use the instructions in later sections of the chapter to install the distribution that you choose.
This section lists the operating systems on which you can expect to be able to run MySQL.
We use GNU Autoconf, so it is possible to port MySQL to all modern systems that have a C++ compiler and a working implementation of POSIX threads. (Thread support is needed for the server. To compile only the client code, the only requirement is a C++ compiler.) We use and develop the software ourselves primarily on Linux (SuSE and Red Hat), FreeBSD, and Sun Solaris (versions 8 and 9).
MySQL has been reported to compile successfully on the following combinations of operating system and thread package. Note that for many operating systems, native thread support works only in the latest versions.
AIX 4.x, 5.x with native threads. See Section 2.13.5.3, “IBM-AIX notes”.
Amiga.
BSDI 2.x with the MIT-pthreads package. See Section 2.13.4.4, “BSD/OS Version 2.x Notes”.
BSDI 3.0, 3.1 and 4.x with native threads. See Section 2.13.4.4, “BSD/OS Version 2.x Notes”.
Digital Unix 4.x with native threads. See Section 2.13.5.5, “Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)”.
FreeBSD 2.x with the MIT-pthreads package. See Section 2.13.4.1, “FreeBSD Notes”.
FreeBSD 3.x and 4.x with native threads. See Section 2.13.4.1, “FreeBSD Notes”.
FreeBSD 4.x with LinuxThreads. See Section 2.13.4.1, “FreeBSD Notes”.
HP-UX 10.20 with the DCE threads or the MIT-pthreads package. See Section 2.13.5.1, “HP-UX Version 10.20 Notes”.
HP-UX 11.x with the native threads. See Section 2.13.5.2, “HP-UX Version 11.x Notes”.
Linux 2.0+ with LinuxThreads 0.7.1+ or
glibc 2.0.7+ for various CPU
architectures. See Section 2.13.1, “Linux Notes”.
Mac OS X. See Section 2.13.2, “Mac OS X Notes”.
NetBSD 1.3/1.4 Intel and NetBSD 1.3 Alpha (requires GNU make). See Section 2.13.4.2, “NetBSD Notes”.
Novell NetWare 6.0 and 6.5. See Section 2.7, “Installing MySQL on NetWare”.
OpenBSD 2.5 and with native threads. OpenBSD earlier than 2.5 with the MIT-pthreads package. See Section 2.13.4.3, “OpenBSD 2.5 Notes”.
OS/2 Warp 3, FixPack 29 and OS/2 Warp 4, FixPack 4. See Section 2.13.6, “OS/2 Notes”.
SCO OpenServer 5.0.X with a recent port of the FSU Pthreads package. See Section 2.13.5.8, “SCO UNIX and OpenServer 5.0.x Notes”.
SCO Openserver 6.0.x. See Section 2.13.5.9, “SCO OpenServer 6.0.x Notes”.
SCO UnixWare 7.1.x. See Section 2.13.5.10, “SCO UnixWare 7.1.x and OpenUNIX 8.0.0 Notes”.
SGI Irix 6.x with native threads. See Section 2.13.5.7, “SGI Irix Notes”.
Solaris 2.5 and above with native threads on SPARC and x86. See Section 2.13.3, “Solaris Notes”.
SunOS 4.x with the MIT-pthreads package. See Section 2.13.3, “Solaris Notes”.
Tru64 Unix. See Section 2.13.5.5, “Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)”.
Windows 9x, Me, NT, 2000, XP, and Windows Server 2003. See Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”.
Not all platforms are equally well-suited for running MySQL. How well a certain platform is suited for a high-load mission-critical MySQL server is determined by the following factors:
General stability of the thread library. A platform may have an excellent reputation otherwise, but MySQL is only as stable as the thread library it calls, even if everything else is perfect.
The capability of the kernel and the thread library to take advantage of symmetric multi-processor (SMP) systems. In other words, when a process creates a thread, it should be possible for that thread to run on a CPU different from the original process.
The capability of the kernel and the thread library to run
many threads that acquire and release a mutex over a short
critical region frequently without excessive context
switches. If the implementation of
pthread_mutex_lock() is too anxious to
yield CPU time, this hurts MySQL tremendously. If this issue
is not taken care of, adding extra CPUs actually makes MySQL
slower.
General filesystem stability and performance.
If your tables are large, performance is affected by the ability of the filesystem to deal with large files at all and to deal with them efficiently.
Our level of expertise here at MySQL AB with the platform. If we know a platform well, we enable platform-specific optimizations and fixes at compile time. We can also provide advice on configuring your system optimally for MySQL.
The amount of testing we have done internally for similar configurations.
The number of users that have run MySQL successfully on the platform in similar configurations. If this number is high, the likelihood of encountering platform-specific surprises is much smaller.
Based on the preceding criteria, the best platforms for running
MySQL at this point are x86 with SuSE Linux using a 2.4 or 2.6
kernel, and ReiserFS (or any similar Linux distribution) and
SPARC with Solaris (2.7-9). FreeBSD comes third, but we really
hope it joins the top club once the thread library is improved.
We also hope that at some point we are able to include into the
top category all other platforms on which MySQL currently
compiles and runs, but not quite with the same level of
stability and performance. This requires some effort on our part
in cooperation with the developers of the operating systems and
library components that MySQL depends on. If you are interested
in improving one of those components, are in a position to
influence its development, and need more detailed instructions
on what MySQL needs to run better, send an email message to the
MySQL internals mailing list. See
Section 1.7.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”.
Please note that the purpose of the preceding comparison is not to say that one operating system is better or worse than another in general. We are talking only about choosing an OS for the specific purpose of running MySQL. With this in mind, the result of this comparison might be different if other factors were considered. In some cases, the reason one OS is better for MySQL than another might simply be that we have been able to put more effort into testing and optimizing for a particular platform. We are just stating our observations to help you decide which platform to use for running MySQL.
When preparing to install MySQL, you should decide which version to use. MySQL development occurs in several release series, and you can pick the one that best fits your needs. After deciding which version to install, you can choose a distribution format. Releases are available in binary or source format.
The first decision to make is whether you want to use a production (stable) release or a development release. In the MySQL development process, multiple release series co-exist, each at a different stage of maturity:
MySQL 5.1 is the current development release series.
MySQL 5.0 is the current stable (production-quality) release series. New releases are issued for bugfixes only; no new features are being added that could effect stability.
MySQL 4.1 is the previous stable (production-quality) release series. New releases are issued for critical bugfixes and security fixes. No significant new features are to be added to this series.
MySQL 4.0 and 3.23 are the old stable (production-quality) release series. These versions are now retired, so new releases are issued only to fix extremely critical bugs (primarily security issues).
We do not believe in a complete code freeze because this prevents us from making bugfixes and other fixes that must be done. By “somewhat frozen” we mean that we may add small things that should not affect anything that currently works in a production release. Naturally, relevant bugfixes from an earlier series propagate to later series.
Normally, if you are beginning to use MySQL for the first time or trying to port it to some system for which there is no binary distribution, we recommend going with the production release series. Currently, this is MySQL 5.0. All MySQL releases, even those from development series, are checked with the MySQL benchmarks and an extensive test suite before being issued.
If you are running an older system and want to upgrade, but do not want to take the chance of having a non-seamless upgrade, you should upgrade to the latest version in the same release series you are using (where only the last part of the version number is newer than yours). We have tried to fix only fatal bugs and make only small, relatively “safe” changes to that version.
If you want to use new features not present in the production release series, you can use a version from a development series. Note that development releases are not as stable as production releases.
If you want to use the very latest sources containing all current patches and bugfixes, you can use one of our BitKeeper repositories. These are not “releases” as such, but are available as previews of the code on which future releases are to be based.
The MySQL naming scheme uses release names that consist of
three numbers and a suffix; for example,
mysql-4.1.2-alpha. The numbers within the
release name are interpreted like this:
The first number (4) is the major
version and also describes the file format. All version 4
releases have the same file format.
The second number (1) is the release
level. Taken together, the major version and release level
constitute the release series number.
The third number (2) is the version
number within the release series. This is incremented for
each new release. Usually you want the latest version for
the series you have chosen.
For each minor update, the last number in the version string is incremented. When there are major new features or minor incompatibilities with previous versions, the second number in the version string is incremented. When the file format changes, the first number is increased.
Release names also include a suffix to indicates the stability level of the release. Releases within a series progress through a set of suffixes to indicate how the stability level improves. The possible suffixes are:
alpha indicates that the release
contains some large section of new code that hasn't been
100% tested. Known bugs should be documented in the News
section. See Appendix D, MySQL Change History. There are also new
commands and extensions in most alpha releases. Active
development that may involve major code changes can occur
in an alpha release, but everything is tested before
issuing a release.
beta means that we are feature complete
and that all new code has been tested. No major new
features that could cause corruption in old code are
added. There should be no known critical bugs. A version
changes from alpha to beta when there have not been any
reported fatal bugs within an alpha version for at least a
month and we have no plans to add any features that could
make any old command unreliable.
All APIs, externally visible structures, and columns for SQL statements will not change during future beta, release candidate, or production releases.
rc is a release candidate; that is, a
beta that has been around a while and seems to work fine.
Only minor fixes are added. (A release candidate is what
formerly was known as a gamma release.)
If there is no suffix, it means that the version has been run for a while at many different sites with no reports of critical repeatable bugs other than platform-specific bugs. Only critical bugfixes are applied to the release. This is what we call a production (stable) or “General Availability” (GA) release.
MySQL uses a naming scheme that is slightly different from most other products. In general, it is usually safe to use any version that has been out for a couple of weeks without being replaced by a new version within the same release series.
All releases of MySQL are run through our standard tests and benchmarks to ensure that they are relatively safe to use. Because the standard tests are extended over time to check for all previously found bugs, the test suite keeps getting better.
All releases have been tested at least with these tools:
An internal test suite
The mysql-test directory contains an
extensive set of test cases. We run these tests for
virtually every server binary. See
Section 19.1.2, “MySQL Test Suite”, for more information
about this test suite.
The MySQL benchmark suite
This suite runs a range of common queries. It is also a test to determine whether the latest batch of optimizations actually made the code faster. See Section 7.1.4, “The MySQL Benchmark Suite”.
The crash-me test
This test tries to determine what features the database supports and what its capabilities and limitations are. See Section 7.1.4, “The MySQL Benchmark Suite”.
We also test the newest MySQL version in our internal production environment, on at least one machine. We have more than 100GB of data to work with.
After choosing which version of MySQL to install, you should decide whether to use a binary distribution or a source distribution. In most cases, you should probably use a binary distribution, if one exists for your platform. Binary distributions are available in native format for many platforms, such as RPM files for Linux or PKG package installers for Mac OS X or Solaris. Distributions also are available as Zip archives or compressed tar files.
Reasons to choose a binary distribution include the following:
Binary distributions generally are easier to install than source distributions.
To satisfy different user requirements, we provide two different binary versions. One is compiled with the core feature set. The other (MySQL-Max) is compiled with an extended feature set. Both versions are compiled from the same source distribution. All native MySQL clients can connect to servers from either MySQL version.
The extended MySQL binary distribution is identified by
the -max suffix and is configured with
the same options as mysqld-max. See
Section 5.3, “The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server”.
For RPM distributions, if you want to use the
MySQL-Max RPM, you must first install
the standard MySQL-server RPM.
Under some circumstances, you may be better off installing MySQL from a source distribution:
You want to install MySQL at some explicit location. The standard binary distributions are ready to run at any installation location, but you might require even more flexibility to place MySQL components where you want.
You want to configure mysqld to ensure that features are available that might not be included in the standard binary distributions. Here is a list of the most common extra options that you may want to use to ensure feature availability:
--with-berkeley-db (not available on
all platforms)
--with-raid
--with-libwrap
--with-named-z-libs (this is done for
some of the binaries)
--with-debug[=full]
You want to configure mysqld without some features that are included in the standard binary distributions. For example, distributions normally are compiled with support for all character sets. If you want a smaller MySQL server, you can recompile it with support for only the character sets you need.
You have a special compiler (such as
pgcc) or want to use compiler options
that are better optimized for your processor. Binary
distributions are compiled with options that should work
on a variety of processors from the same processor family.
You want to use the latest sources from one of the BitKeeper repositories to have access to all current bugfixes. For example, if you have found a bug and reported it to the MySQL development team, the bugfix is committed to the source repository and you can access it there. The bugfix does not appear in a release until a release actually is issued.
You want to read (or modify) the C and C++ code that makes up MySQL. For this purpose, you should get a source distribution, because the source code is always the ultimate manual.
Source distributions contain more tests and examples than binary distributions.
MySQL is evolving quite rapidly and we want to share new developments with other MySQL users. We try to produce a new release whenever we have new and useful features that others also seem to have a need for.
We also try to help users who request features that are easy to implement. We take note of what our licensed users want, and we especially take note of what our support customers want and try to help them in this regard.
No one is required to download a new release. The News section helps you determine whether the new release has something you really want. See Appendix D, MySQL Change History.
We use the following policy when updating MySQL:
Releases are issued within each series. For each release, the last number in the version is one more than the previous release within the same series.
Production (stable) releases are meant to appear about 1-2 times a year. However, if small bugs are found, a release with only bugfixes is issued.
Working releases/bugfixes to old releases are meant to appear about every 4-8 weeks.
Binary distributions for some platforms are made by us for major releases. Other people may make binary distributions for other systems, but probably less frequently.
We make fixes available as soon as we have identified and corrected small or non-critical but annoying bugs. The fixes are available immediately from our public BitKeeper repositories, and are included in the next release.
If by any chance a fatal bug is found in a release, our policy is to fix it in a new release as soon as possible. (We would like other companies to do this, too!)
We put considerable time and effort into making our releases bug-free. Our policy is never to release a version of MySQL intended for production use that has any known fatal, repeatable bugs.
We have documented all open problems, bugs, and issues that are dependent on design decisions. See Section A.8, “Known Issues in MySQL”.
Our aim is to fix everything that is fixable without making a stable MySQL version less stable. In certain cases, this means we can fix an issue in the development versions, but not in the stable (production) version. Naturally, we document such issues so that users are aware of them.
Here is a description of our build process:
We monitor bugs from our customer support list, the bugs database at http://bugs.mysql.com/, and the MySQL external mailing lists.
All reported bugs for live versions are entered into the bugs database.
When we fix a bug, we always try to make a test case for it and include it into our test system to ensure that the bug can never recur without being detected. (About 90% of all fixed bugs have test cases.)
We create test cases for each new feature that we add to MySQL.
Before we start to build a new MySQL release, we ensure that all reported repeatable bugs for that MySQL version (3.23.x, 4.0.x, 4.1.x, 5.0.x, 5.1.x, and so on) are fixed. If something is impossible to fix due to some internal design decision in MySQL, we document this in the manual. See Section A.8, “Known Issues in MySQL”.
We do a build on all platforms for which we support binaries and run our test suite and benchmark suite on all of them.
We do not publish a binary for a platform for which the test or benchmark suite fails. If the problem is due to a general error in the source, we fix it and do the build plus tests on all systems again from scratch.
The build and test process takes a week. If we receive a report regarding a fatal bug during this process (for example, one that causes a core dump), we fix the problem and restart the build process.
After publishing the binaries on
http://dev.mysql.com/, we send out an
announcement message to the mysql and
announce mailing lists. See
Section 1.7.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”. The announcement message
contains a list of all changes to the release and any
known problems with the release. The
Known Problems section in
the release notes has been needed for only a handful of
releases.
To quickly give our users access to the latest MySQL features, we try to produce a new MySQL release every 4-8 weeks. Source code snapshots are built daily and are available at http://downloads.mysql.com/snapshots.php.
If, despite our best efforts, we receive any bug reports
after a release is issued that a critical problem exists
for the build on a specific platform, we fix it at once
and build a new 'a' release for that
platform. Thanks to our large user base, problems are
found and resolved very quickly.
Our track record for making stable releases is quite good.
In the last 150 releases, we had to do a new build for
fewer than 10 of them. In three of these cases, the bug
was a faulty glibc library on one of
our build machines that took us a long time to track down.
As a service of MySQL AB, we provide a set of binary distributions of MySQL that are compiled on systems at our site or on systems where supporters of MySQL kindly have given us access to their machines.
In addition to the binaries provided in platform-specific
package formats, we offer binary distributions for a number of
platforms in the form of compressed tar
files (.tar.gz files). See
Section 2.2, “Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution”.
RPM distributions prior to MySQL 3.22 are user-contributed. Beginning with MySQL 3.22, RPM distributions that we make available through our Web site are generated by MySQL AB.
For Windows distributions, see Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”.
These distributions are generated using the script
Build-tools/Do-compile, which compiles the
source code and creates the binary tar.gz
archive using
scripts/make_binary_distribution.
These binaries are configured and built with the following
compilers and options. This information can also be obtained
by looking at the variables COMP_ENV_INFO
and CONFIGURE_LINE inside the script
bin/mysqlbug of every binary
tar file distribution.
Anyone who has more optimal options for any of the following
configure commands can mail them to the
MySQL internals mailing list. See
Section 1.7.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”.
If you want to compile a debug version of MySQL, you should
add --with-debug or
--with-debug=full to the following
configure commands and remove any
-fomit-frame-pointer options.
The following binaries are built on MySQL AB development systems:
Linux 2.4.xx x86 with gcc 2.95.3:
CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=pentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=pentiumpro -felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --disable-shared --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
Linux 2.4.x x86 with icc (Intel C++ Compiler 8.1 or later releases):
CC=icc CXX=icpc CFLAGS="-O3 -unroll2 -ip -mp -no-gcc -restrict" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -unroll2 -ip -mp -no-gcc -restrict" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --disable-shared --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --with-embedded-server --with-innodb
Note that versions 8.1 and newer of the Intel compiler
have separate drivers for 'pure' C
(icc) and C++
(icpc); if you use
icc version 8.0 or older for building
MySQL, you will need to set CXX=icc.
Linux 2.4.xx Intel Itanium 2 with ecc (Intel C++ Itanium Compiler 7.0):
CC=ecc CFLAGS="-O2 -tpp2 -ip -nolib_inline" CXX=ecc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -tpp2 -ip -nolib_inline" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
Linux 2.4.xx Intel Itanium with ecc (Intel C++ Itanium Compiler 7.0):
CC=ecc CFLAGS=-tpp1 CXX=ecc CXXFLAGS=-tpp1 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
Linux 2.4.xx alpha with ccc (Compaq C
V6.2-505 / Compaq C++ V6.3-006):
CC=ccc CFLAGS="-fast -arch generic" CXX=cxx CXXFLAGS="-fast -arch generic -noexceptions -nortti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-mysqld-ldflags=-non_shared --with-client-ldflags=-non_shared --disable-shared
Linux 2.x.xx ppc with gcc 2.95.4:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-embedded-server --with-innodb
Linux 2.4.xx s390 with gcc 2.95.3:
CFLAGS="-O2" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
Linux 2.4.xx x86_64 (AMD64) with gcc 3.2.1:
CXX=gcc ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
Sun Solaris 8 x86 with gcc 3.2.3:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-innodb
Sun Solaris 8 SPARC with gcc 3.2:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=no --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared
Sun Solaris 8 SPARC 64-bit with gcc 3.2:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -m64 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -m64 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared
Sun Solaris 9 SPARC with gcc 2.95.3:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared
Sun Solaris 9 SPARC with cc-5.0 (Sun
Forte 5.0):
CC=cc-5.0 CXX=CC ASFLAGS="-xarch=v9" CFLAGS="-Xa -xstrconst -mt -D_FORTEC_ -xarch=v9" CXXFLAGS="-noex -mt -D_FORTEC_ -xarch=v9" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared
IBM AIX 4.3.2 ppc with gcc 3.2.3:
CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many " CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared
IBM AIX 4.3.3 ppc with xlC_r (IBM
Visual Age C/C++ 6.0):
CC=xlc_r CFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192" CXX=xlC_r CXXFLAGS ="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared --with-innodb
IBM AIX 5.1.0 ppc with gcc 3.3:
CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared
IBM AIX 5.2.0 ppc with xlC_r (IBM
Visual Age C/C++ 6.0):
CC=xlc_r CFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192" CXX=xlC_r CXXFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared --with-embedded-server --with-innodb
HP-UX 10.20 pa-risc1.1 with gcc 3.1:
CFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce/include -O3 -fPIC" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce /include -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -O3 -fPIC" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-pthread --with-named-thread-libs=-ldce --with-lib-ccflags=-fPIC --disable-shared
HP-UX 11.00 pa-risc with aCC (HP ANSI
C++ B3910B A.03.50):
CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DAportable CXXFLAGS=+DAportable ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-embedded-server --with-innodb
HP-UX 11.11 pa-risc2.0 64bit with aCC
(HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.33):
CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DD64 CXXFLAGS=+DD64 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
HP-UX 11.11 pa-risc2.0 32bit with aCC
(HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.33):
CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS="+DAportable" CXXFLAGS="+DAportable" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-innodb
HP-UX 11.22 ia64 64bit with aCC (HP
aC++/ANSI C B3910B A.05.50):
CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS="+DD64 +DSitanium2" CXXFLAGS="+DD64 +DSitanium2" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-embedded-server --with-innodb
Apple Mac OS X 10.2 powerpc with gcc 3.1:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
FreeBSD 4.7 i386 with gcc 2.95.4:
CFLAGS=-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=not-used --disable-shared
FreeBSD 4.7 i386 using LinuxThreads with gcc 2.95.4:
CFLAGS="-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH -D__USE_UNIX98 -D_REENTRANT -D_THREAD_SAFE -I/usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads" CXXFLAGS="-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH -D__USE_UNIX98 -D_REENTRANT -D_THREAD_SAFE -I/usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-thread-libs="-DHAVE_GLIBC2_STYLE_GETHOSTBYNAME_R -D_THREAD_SAFE -I /usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads -L/usr/local/lib -llthread -llgcc_r" --disable-shared --with-embedded-server --with-innodb
QNX Neutrino 6.2.1 i386 with gcc 2.95.3qnx-nto 20010315:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
The following binaries are built on third-party systems kindly provided to MySQL AB by other users. These are provided only as a courtesy; MySQL AB does not have full control over these systems, so we can provide only limited support for the binaries built on them.
SCO Unix 3.2v5.0.7 i386 with gcc 2.95.3:
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentium" LDFLAGS=-static CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentium -felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared
SCO UnixWare 7.1.4 i386 with CC 3.2:
CC=cc CFLAGS="-O" CXX=CC ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared --with-readline
SCO OpenServer 6.0.0 i386 with CC 3.2:
CC=cc CFLAGS="-O" CXX=CC ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared --with-readline
Compaq Tru64 OSF/1 V5.1 732 alpha with
cc/cxx (Compaq C V6.3-029i / DIGITAL
C++ V6.1-027):
CC="cc -pthread" CFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed -speculate all" CXX="cxx -pthread" CXXFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -fast -inline speed -speculate all -noexceptions -nortti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc" --disable-shared --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
SGI Irix 6.5 IP32 with gcc 3.0.1:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
FreeBSD/sparc64 5.0 with gcc 3.2.1:
CFLAGS=-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-innodb
The following compile options have been used for binary packages that MySQL AB provided in the past. These binaries no longer are being updated, but the compile options are listed here for reference purposes.
Linux 2.2.xx SPARC with egcs 1.1.2:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --disable-shared
Linux 2.2.x with x686 with gcc 2.95.2:
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --disable-shared --with-extra-charsets=complex
SunOS 4.1.4 2 sun4c with gcc 2.7.2.1:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-assembler
SunOS 5.5.1 (and above) sun4u with egcs 1.0.3a or 2.90.27 or gcc 2.95.2 and newer:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-assembler
SunOS 5.6 i86pc with gcc 2.8.1:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory --with-extra-charsets=complex
BSDI BSD/OS 3.1 i386 with gcc 2.7.2.1:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
BSDI BSD/OS 2.1 i386 with gcc 2.7.2:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
AIX 4.2 with gcc 2.7.2.2:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
Check our downloads page at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ for information about the current version of MySQL and for downloading instructions. For a complete up-to-date list of MySQL download mirror sites, see http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mirrors.php. You can also find information there about becoming a MySQL mirror site and how to report a bad or out-of-date mirror.
Our main mirror is located at http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/mysql/.
After you have downloaded the MySQL package that suits your needs and before you attempt to install it, you should make sure that it is intact and has not been tampered with. MySQL AB offers three means of integrity checking:
MD5 checksums
Cryptographic signatures using GnuPG, the
GNU Privacy Guard
For RPM packages, the built-in RPM integrity verification mechanism
The following sections describe how to use these methods.
If you notice that the MD5 checksum or GPG signatures do not
match, first try to download the respective package one more
time, perhaps from another mirror site. If you repeatedly cannot
successfully verify the integrity of the package, please notify
us about such incidents, including the full package name and the
download site you have been using, at
<webmaster@mysql.com> or
<build@mysql.com>. Do not report downloading
problems using the bug-reporting system.
After you have downloaded a MySQL package, you should make
sure that its MD5 checksum matches the one provided on the
MySQL download pages. Each package has an individual checksum
that you can verify with the following command, where
package_name is the name of the
package you downloaded:
shell> md5sum package_name
Example:
shell> md5sum mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz
60f5fe969d61c8f82e4f7f62657e1f06 mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz
You should verify that the resulting checksum (the string of hexadecimal digits) matches the one displayed on the download page immediately below the respective package.
Note: Make sure to verify the
checksum of the archive file (for
example, the .zip or
.tar.gz file) and not of the files that are
contained inside of the archive.
Note that not all operating systems support the
md5sum command. On some, it is simply
called md5, and others do not ship it at
all. On Linux, it is part of the GNU
Text Utilities package, which is available for a
wide range of platforms. You can download the source code from
http://www.gnu.org/software/textutils/ as well.
If you have OpenSSL installed, you can use the command
openssl md5
package_name instead. A
Windows implementation of the md5 command
line utility is available from
http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/.
winMd5Sum is a graphical MD5 checking tool
that can be obtained from
http://www.nullriver.com/index/products/winmd5sum.
Another method of verifying the integrity and authenticity of a package is to use cryptographic signatures. This is more reliable than using MD5 checksums, but requires more work.
Beginning with MySQL 4.0.10 (February 2003), MySQL AB started
signing downloadable packages with GnuPG
(GNU Privacy Guard).
GnuPG is an Open Source alternative to the
very well-known Pretty Good Privacy
(PGP) by Phil Zimmermann. See
http://www.gnupg.org/ for more information
about GnuPG and how to obtain and install
it on your system. Most Linux distributions ship with
GnuPG installed by default. For more
information about OpenPGP, see
http://www.openpgp.org/.
To verify the signature for a specific package, you first need
to obtain a copy of MySQL AB's public GPG build key, which you
can download from http://www.keyserver.net/.
The key that you want to obtain is named
build@mysql.com. Alternatively, you can cut
and paste the key directly from the following text:
Key ID:
pub 1024D/5072E1F5 2003-02-03
MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com>
Fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567 70C8 8C71 8D3B 5072 E1F5
Public Key (ASCII-armored):
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org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=YJkx
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
To import the build key into your personal public GPG keyring,
use gpg --import. For example, if you have
saved the key in a file named
mysql_pubkey.asc, the import command
looks like this:
shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc
After you have downloaded and imported the public build key,
download your desired MySQL package and the corresponding
signature, which also is available from the download page. The
signature file has the same name as the distribution file with
an .asc extension. For example:
| Distribution file | mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz |
| Signature file | mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc |
Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory and then run the following command to verify the signature for the distribution file:
shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc
Example:
shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Warning: using insecure memory!
gpg: Signature made Mon 03 Feb 2003 08:50:39 PM MET
using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
gpg: Good signature from
"MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com>"
The Good signature message indicates that
everything is all right. You can ignore any insecure
memory warning you might obtain.
See the GPG documentation for more information on how to work with public keys.
For RPM packages, there is no separate signature. RPM packages have a built-in GPG signature and MD5 checksum. You can verify a package by running the following command:
shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm
Example:
shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-4.0.10-0.i386.rpm
MySQL-server-4.0.10-0.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK
Note: If you are using RPM
4.1 and it complains about (GPG) NOT OK (MISSING
KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5), even though you have imported
the MySQL public build key into your own GPG keyring, you need
to import the key into the RPM keyring first. RPM 4.1 no
longer uses your personal GPG keyring (or GPG itself). Rather,
it maintains its own keyring because it is a system-wide
application and a user's GPG public keyring is a user-specific
file. To import the MySQL public key into the RPM keyring,
first obtain the key as described in
Section 2.1.4.2, “Signature Checking Using GnuPG”. Then use
rpm --import to import the key. For
example, if you have saved the public key in a file named
mysql_pubkey.asc, import it using this
command:
shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc
If you need to obtain the MySQL public key, see
Section 2.1.4.2, “Signature Checking Using GnuPG”.
This section describes the default layout of the directories created by installing binary or source distributions provided by MySQL AB. A distribution provided by another vendor might use a layout different from those shown here.
On Windows, the default installation directory is
C:\mysql. With MySQL version 4.1.5 and
higher, this has changed to C:\Program
Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1, where 4.1 is the major
version of the installation. The folder has the following
subdirectories:
| Directory | Contents of Directory |
bin | Client programs and the mysqld server |
data | Log files, databases |
Docs | Documentation |
examples | Example programs and scripts |
include | Include (header) files |
lib | Libraries |
scripts | Utility scripts |
share | Error message files |
Installations created from MySQL AB's Linux RPM distributions result in files under the following system directories:
| Directory | Contents of Directory |
/usr/bin | Client programs and scripts |
/usr/sbin | The mysqld server |
/var/lib/mysql | Log files, databases |
/usr/share/doc/packages | Documentation |
/usr/include/mysql | Include (header) files |
/usr/lib/mysql | Libraries |
/usr/share/mysql | Error message and character set files |
/usr/share/sql-bench | Benchmarks |
On Unix, a tar file binary distribution is
installed by unpacking it at the installation location you
choose (typically /usr/local/mysql) and
creates the following directories in that location:
| Directory | Contents of Directory |
bin | Client programs and the mysqld server |
data | Log files, databases |
docs | Documentation, ChangeLog |
include | Include (header) files |
lib | Libraries |
scripts | mysql_install_db |
share/mysql | Error message files |
sql-bench | Benchmarks |
A source distribution is installed after you configure and
compile it. By default, the installation step installs files
under /usr/local, in the following
subdirectories:
| Directory | Contents of Directory |
bin | Client programs and scripts |
include/mysql | Include (header) files |
info | Documentation in Info format |
lib/mysql | Libraries |
libexec | The mysqld server |
share/mysql | Error message files |
sql-bench | Benchmarks and crash-me test |
var | Databases and log files |
Within its installation directory, the layout of a source installation differs from that of a binary installation in the following ways:
The mysqld server is installed in the
libexec directory rather than in the
bin directory.
The data directory is var rather than
data.
mysql_install_db is installed in the
bin directory rather than in the
scripts directory.
The header file and library directories are
include/mysql and
lib/mysql rather than
include and lib.
You can create your own binary installation from a compiled
source distribution by executing the
scripts/make_binary_distribution script
from the top directory of the source distribution.
The next several sections cover the installation of MySQL on platforms where we offer packages using the native packaging format of the respective platform. (This is also known as performing a “binary install.”) However, binary distributions of MySQL are available for many other platforms as well. See Section 2.8, “Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems”, for generic installation instructions for these packages that apply to all platforms.
See Section 2.1, “General Installation Issues”, for more information on what other binary distributions are available and how to obtain them.
A native Windows distribution of MySQL has been available from MySQL AB since version 3.21 and represents a sizable percentage of the daily downloads of MySQL. This section describes the process for installing MySQL on Windows.
With the release of MySQL 4.1.5, MySQL AB has introduced a new installer for the Windows version of MySQL, combined with a new GUI Configuration Wizard. This combination automatically installs MySQL, creates an option file, starts the server, and secures the default user accounts.
Note: If you are upgrading MySQL from an existing installation older than MySQL 4.1.5, you must first perform the the procedure described in Section 2.3.14, “Upgrading MySQL on Windows”.
To run MySQL on Windows, you need the following:
A 32-bit Windows operating system such as 9x, Me, NT, 2000, XP, or Windows Server 2003.
A Windows NT-based operating system (NT, 2000, XP, 2003) permits you to run the MySQL server as a service. The use of a Windows NT-based operating system is strongly recommended. See Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.
Generally, you should install MySQL on Windows using an
account that has administrator rights. Otherwise, you may
encounter problems with certain operations such as editing the
PATH environment variable or accessing the
Service Control Manager.
TCP/IP protocol support.
Enough space on the hard drive to unpack, install, and create the databases in accordance with your requirements (generally a minimum of 200 megabytes is recommended.)
There may also be other requirements, depending on how you plan to use MySQL:
If you plan to connect to the MySQL server via ODBC, you need a Connector/ODBC driver. See Chapter 18, Connectors.
If you need tables with a size larger than 4GB, install MySQL
on an NTFS or newer filesystem. Don't forget to use
MAX_ROWS and
AVG_ROW_LENGTH when you create tables. See
Section 13.1.5, “CREATE TABLE Syntax”.
MySQL for Windows is available in several distribution formats:
Binary distributions are available that contain a setup program that installs everything you need so that you can start the server immediately. Another binary distribution format contains an archive that you simply unpack in the installation location and then configure yourself. For details, see Section 2.3.1, “Choosing An Installation Package”.
The source distribution contains all the code and support files for building the executables using the Visual Studio 7.1 compiler system.
Generally speaking, you should use a binary distribution that includes an installer. It is simpler to use than the others, and you need no additional tools to get MySQL up and running. The installer for the Windows version of MySQL, combined with a GUI Configuration Wizard, automatically installs MySQL, creates an option file, starts the server, and secures the default user accounts.
The following section describes how to install MySQL on Windows using a binary distribution. To use an installation package that does not include an installer, follow the procedure described in Section 2.3.5, “Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive”. To install using a source distribution, see Section 2.9.6, “Installing MySQL from Source on Windows”.
MySQL distributions for Windows can be downloaded from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/. See Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.
Starting with MySQL version 4.1.5, there are three install packages to choose from when installing MySQL on Windows. The Packages are as follows:
The Essentials Package:
This package has a filename similar to
mysql-essential-4.1.13a-win32.msi and
contains the minimum set of files needed to install MySQL on
Windows, including the Configuration Wizard. This package
does not include optional components such as the embedded
server and benchmark suite.
The Complete Package: This
package has a filename similar to
mysql-4.1.13a-win32.zip and contains
all files needed for a complete Windows installation,
including the Configuration Wizard. This package includes
optional components such as the embedded server and
benchmark suite.
The Noinstall Archive: This
package has a filename similar to
mysql-noinstall-4.1.13a-win32.zip and
contains all the files found in the Complete install
package, with the exception of the Configuration Wizard.
This package does not include an automated installer, and
must be manually installed and configured.
The Essentials package is recommended for most users. It is
provided as an .msi file for use with the
Windows Installer. The Complete and Noinstall distributions are
packaged as Zip archives. To use them, you must have a tool that
can unpack .zip files.
Your choice of install package affects the installation process you must follow. If you choose to install either the Essentials or Complete install packages, see Section 2.3.2, “Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer”. If you choose to install MySQL from the Noinstall archive, see Section 2.3.5, “Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive”.
Starting with MySQL 4.1.5, users can use the new MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard to install MySQL on Windows. The MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard are designed to install and configure MySQL in such a way that new users can immediately get started using MySQL.
The MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard are available in the Essentials and Complete install packages. They are recommended for most standard MySQL installations. Exceptions include users who need to install multiple instances of MySQL on a single server host and advanced users who want complete control of server configuration.
If you are installing a version of MySQL prior to MySQL 4.1.5, please follow the instructions for installing MySQL from the Noinstall installation package. See Section 2.3.5, “Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive”.
MySQL Installation Wizard is an installer for the MySQL server that uses the latest installer technologies for Microsoft Windows. The MySQL Installation Wizard, in combination with the MySQL Configuration Wizard, allows a user to install and configure a MySQL server that is ready for use immediately after installation.
The MySQL Installation Wizard is the standard installer for all MySQL server distributions, version 4.1.5 and higher. Users of previous versions of MySQL need to shut down and remove their existing MySQL installations manually before installing MySQL with the MySQL Installation Wizard. See Section 2.3.3.7, “Upgrading MySQL with the Installation Wizard”, for more information on upgrading from a previous version.
Microsoft has included an improved version of their Microsoft Windows Installer (MSI) in the recent versions of Windows. MSI has become the de-facto standard for application installations on Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003. The MySQL Installation Wizard makes use of this technology to provide a smoother and more flexible installation process.
The Microsoft Windows Installer Engine was updated with the release of Windows XP; those using a previous version of Windows can reference this Microsoft Knowledge Base article for information on upgrading to the latest version of the Windows Installer Engine.
In addition, Microsoft has introduced the WiX (Windows Installer XML) toolkit recently. This is the first highly acknowledged Open Source project from Microsoft. We have switched to WiX because it is an Open Source project and it allows us to handle the complete Windows installation process in a flexible manner using scripts.
Improving the MySQL Installation Wizard depends on the support and feedback of users like you. If you find that the MySQL Installation Wizard is lacking some feature important to you, or if you discover a bug, please report it in our bugs database using the instructions given in Section 1.8, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.
The MySQL installation packages can be downloaded from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/. If the package you download is contained within a Zip archive, you need to extract the archive first.
The process for starting the wizard depends on the contents of
the installation package you download. If there is a
setup.exe file present, double-click it
to start the installation process. If there is an
.msi file present, double-click it to
start the installation process.
There are three installation types available: Typical, Complete, and Custom.
The Typical installation type installs the MySQL server, the mysql command-line client, and the command-line utilities. The command-line clients and utilities include mysqldump, myisamchk, and several other tools to help you manage the MySQL server.
The Complete installation type installs all components included in the installation package. The full installation package includes components such as the embedded server library, the benchmark suite, support scripts, and documentation.
The Custom installation type gives you complete control over which packages you wish to install and the installation path that is used. See Section 2.3.3.4, “The Custom Install Dialog”, for more information on performing a custom install.
If you choose the Typical or Complete installation types and click the button, you advance to the confirmation screen to verify your choices and begin the installation. If you choose the Custom installation type and click the button, you advance to the custom installation dialog, described in Section 2.3.3.4, “The Custom Install Dialog”.
If you wish to change the installation path or the specific components that are installed by the MySQL Installation Wizard, choose the Custom installation type.
A tree view on the left side of the custom install dialog lists all available components. Components that are not installed have a red X icon; components that are installed have a gray icon. To change whether a component is installed, click on that component's icon and choose a new option from the drop-down list that appears.
You can change the default installation path by clicking the button to the right of the displayed installation path.
After choosing your installation components and installation path, click the button to advance to the confirmation dialog.
Once you choose an installation type and optionally choose your installation components, you advance to the confirmation dialog. Your installation type and installation path are displayed for you to review.
To install MySQL if you are satisfied with your settings, click the button. To change your settings, click the button. To exit the MySQL Installation Wizard without installing MySQL, click the button.
After installation is complete, you have the option of registering with the MySQL web site. Registration gives you access to post in the MySQL forums at forums.mysql.com, along with the ability to report bugs at bugs.mysql.com and to subscribe to our newsletter. The final screen of the installer provides a summary of the installation and gives you the option to launch the MySQL Configuration Wizard, which you can use to create a configuration file, install the MySQL service, and configure security settings.
Once you click the button, the MySQL Installation Wizard begins the installation process and makes certain changes to your system which are described in the sections that follow.
Changes to the Registry
The MySQL Installation Wizard creates one Windows registry key
in a typical install situation, located in
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\MySQL AB.
The MySQL Installation Wizard creates a key named after the
major version of the server that is being installed, such as
MySQL Server 4.1. It contains two string
values, Location and
Version. The Location
string contains the path to the installation directory. In a
default installation it contains C:\Program
Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\. The
Version string contains the release number.
For example, for an installation of MySQL Server 4.1.5, the
key contains a value of 4.1.5.
These registry keys are used to help external tools identify
the installed location of the MySQL server, preventing a
complete scan of the hard-disk to determine the installation
path of the MySQL server. The registry keys are not required
to run the server, and if you install MySQL using the
noinstall Zip archive, the registry keys
are not created.
Changes to the Start Menu
The MySQL Installation Wizard creates a new entry in the Windows menu under a common MySQL menu heading named after the major version of MySQL that you have installed. For example, if you install MySQL 4.1, the MySQL Installation Wizard creates a MySQL Server 4.1 section in the start menu.
The following entries are created within the new menu section:
: This
is a shortcut to the mysql command-line
client and is configured to connect as the
root user. The shortcut prompts for a
root user password when you connect.
: This is a shortcut to the MySQL Configuration Wizard. Use this shortcut to configure a newly installed server, or to reconfigure an existing server.
: This is a link to the MySQL server documentation that is stored locally in the MySQL server installation directory. This option is not available when the MySQL server is installed from the Essentials installation package.
Changes to the File System
The MySQL Installation Wizard by default installs the MySQL
server to C:\, where
Program
Files\MySQL\MySQL Server
4.1Program Files is the default
location for applications in your system, and
4.1 is the major version of your
MySQL server. This is the new location for the MySQL server,
replacing the former default location of
c:\mysql.
By default, all MySQL applications are stored in a common
directory at C:\, where
Program
Files\MySQLProgram Files is the default
location for applications in your Windows installation. A
typical MySQL installation on a developer machine might look
like this:
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1 C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Administrator 1.0 C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Query Browser 1.0
This approach makes it easier to manage and maintain all MySQL applications installed on a particular system.
From MySQL version 4.1.5, the new MySQL Installation Wizard can perform server upgrades automatically using the upgrade capabilities of MSI. That means you do not need to remove a previous installation manually before installing a new release. The installer automatically shuts down and removes the previous MySQL service before installing the new version.
Automatic upgrades are available only when upgrading between installations that have the same major and minor version numbers. For example, you can upgrade automatically from MySQL 4.1.5 to MySQL 4.1.6, but not from MySQL 4.1 to MySQL 5.0.
If you are upgrading MySQL version 4.1.4 or earlier to version 4.1.5 or later, you must first manually shut down and remove the older installation before upgrading. Be sure to back up your databases before performing such an upgrade, so that you can restore the databases after the upgrade is completed. It is always recommended that you back up your data before performing any upgrades.
The MySQL Configuration Wizard helps automate the process of
configuring your server under Windows. The MySQL Configuration
Wizard creates a custom my.ini file by
asking you a series of questions and then applying your
responses to a template to generate a
my.ini file that is tuned to your
installation.
The MySQL Configuration Wizard is included with the MySQL server starting with MySQL version 4.1.5, but is designed to work with MySQL servers versions 4.1 and higher. The MySQL Configuration Wizard is currently available for Windows users only.
The MySQL Configuration Wizard is to a large extent the result of feedback that MySQL AB has received from many users over a period of several years. However, if you find that it lacks some feature important to you, please report it in our bugs database using the instructions given in Section 1.8, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.
The MySQL Configuration Wizard is typically launched from the MySQL Installation Wizard, as the MySQL Installation Wizard exits. You can also launch the MySQL Configuration Wizard by clicking the entry in the section of the Windows menu.
Alternatively, you can navigate to the
bin directory of your MySQL installation
and launch the MySQLInstanceConfig.exe
file directly.
If the MySQL Configuration Wizard detects an existing
my.ini file, you have the option of
either reconfiguring your existing server, or removing the
server instance by deleting the my.ini
file and stopping and removing the MySQL service.
To reconfigure an existing server, choose the
option and
click the button. Your existing
my.ini file is renamed to
my,
where timestamp.ini.baktimestamp is the date and
time at which the existing my.ini file
was created. To remove the existing server instance, choose
the option and
click the button.
If you choose the
option, you advance to a confirmation window. Click the
button. The MySQL Configuration
Wizard stops and removes the MySQL service, and then deletes
the my.ini file. The server installation
and its data folder are not removed.
If you choose the option, you advance to the dialog where you can choose the type of installation that you wish to configure.
When you start the MySQL Configuration Wizard for a new MySQL installation, or choose the option for an existing installation, you advance to the dialog.
There are two configuration types available:
and
. The
option is
intended for new users who want to get started with MySQL
quickly without having to make a lot of decisions about server
configuration. The Detailed Configuration
option is intended for advanced users who want more
fine-grained control of server configuration.
If you are new to MySQL and need a server configured as a
single-user developer machine, the should suit your needs. Choosing
the option
causes the MySQL Configuration Wizard to automatically set all
configuration options with the exception of the
Service Options and Security
Options.
The Standard Configuration sets options
that may be incompatible with systems where there are existing
MySQL installations. If you have an existing MySQL
installation on your system in addition to the installation
you wish to configure, the Detailed
Configuration option is recommended.
To complete the , please refer to the sections on and in Section 2.3.4.11, “The Service Options Dialog”, and Section 2.3.4.12, “The Security Options Dialog”, respectively.
There are three different server types available to choose from. The server type that you choose affects the decisions that the MySQL Configuration Wizard makes with regard to memory, disk, and processor usage.
: Choose this option for a typical desktop workstation where MySQL is intended only for personal use. It is assumed that many other desktop applications are running. The MySQL server is configured to use minimal system resources.
: Choose this option for a server machine where the MySQL server is running alongside other server applications such as FTP, email, and Web servers. The MySQL server is configured to use a medium portion of the system resources.
: Choose this option for a server machine that is intended to run only the MySQL server. It is assumed that no other applications are running. The MySQL server is configured to use all available system resources.
The dialog allows you to
indicate the storage engines that you expect to use when
creating MySQL tables. The option you choose determines
whether the InnoDB storage engine is
available and what percentage of the server resources are
available to InnoDB.
: This
option enables both the InnoDB and
MyISAM storage engines, and divides
resources evenly between the two. This option is
recommended for users who use both table handlers on a
regular basis.
:
This option enables both the InnoDB and
MyISAM storage engines but dedicates
most server resources to the InnoDB
storage engine. This option is recommended for users who
use InnoDB almost exclusively and make
only minimal use of MyISAM.
: This option disables the
InnoDB storage engine completely, and
dedicates all server resources to the
MyISAM storage engine. This option is
recommended for users who do not use
InnoDB.
Some users may want to locate the InnoDB
tablespace files in a location other than the MySQL server
data directory. Placing the tablespace files in a separate
location can be desirable if your system has available a
storage device availablehas with higher capacity or higher
performance, such as a RAID storage system.
To change the default location for the
InnoDB tablespace files, choose a new drive
from the drop-down list of drive letters and choose a new path
from the drop-down list of paths. To create a custom path,
click the button.
If you are modifying the configuration of an existing server, you must click the button before you change the path. In this situation you must move existing tablespace files to the new location manually before starting the server.
To prevent the server from running out of resources, it is important to limit the number of concurrent connections to the MySQL server that can be established. The dialog allows you to choose the expected usage of your server, and sets the limit for concurrent connections accordingly. It is also possible to manually set the concurrent connection limit.
: Choose this option if the server does not require a large number of concurrent connections. The maximum number of connections is set at 100, with an average of 20 concurrent connections assumed.
: Choose this option if the server requires a large number of concurrent connections. The maximum number of connections is set at 500.
: Choose this option to set the maximum number of concurrent connections to the server manually. Choose the number of concurrent connections from the drop-down box provided, or type the maximum number of connections into the drop-down box if the number you desire is not listed.
Use the dialog to enable or disable TCP/IP networking and to configure the port number that is used to connect to the MySQL server.
TCP/IP networking is enabled by default. To disable TCP/IP networking, uncheck the box next to the option.
Port 3306 is used by default. To change the port used to access MySQL, choose a new port number from the drop-down box or type a new port number directly into the drop-down box. If the port number you choose is in use, you are prompted to confirm your choice of port number.
Set the to either enable or disable strict mode. Enabling strict mode (default) makes MySQL behave more like other database management systems. If you run applications that rely on MySQL's old “forgiving” behavior, make sure to either adapt those applications or to disable strict mode. For more information about strict mode, see Section 5.2.5, “The Server SQL Mode”.
The MySQL server supports multiple character sets and it is possible to set a default server character set that is applied to all tables, columns, and databases unless overridden. Use the dialog to change the default character set of the MySQL server.
: Choose
this option if you want to use latin1
as the default server character set.
latin1 is used for English and many
Western European languages.
: Choose this option if you
want to use utf8 as the default server
character set. This is a Unicode character set that can
store characters from many different languages.
: Choose this option if you want to pick the server's default character set manually. Choose the desired character set from the provided drop-down list.
On Windows NT-based platforms, the MySQL server can be installed as a Windows service. When installed this way, the MySQL server can be started automatically during system startup, and even restarted automatically by Windows in the event of a service failure.
The MySQL Configuration Wizard installs the MySQL server as a
service by default, using the service name
MySQL. If you do not wish to install the
service, un-check the box next to the option. You can change the
service name by picking a new service name from the drop-down
box provided or by typing a new service name into the
drop-down box.
To install the MySQL server as a service but not have it started automatically at startup, un-check the box next to the option.
It is strongly recommended that you set a
root password for your MySQL
server, and the MySQL Configuration Wizard requires
by default that you do so. If you do not wish to set a
root password, uncheck the box next to the
option.
To set the root password, enter the desired
password into both the and
boxes. If you are reconfiguring an existing server, you need
to enter the existing root password into
the box.
To prevent root logins from across the
network, check the box next to the option. This increases
the security of your root account.
To create an anonymous user account, check the box next to the option. Creating an anonymous account can decrease server security and cause login and permission difficulties and is not recommended.
The final dialog in the MySQL Configuration Wizard is the . To start the configuration process, click the button. To return to a previous dialog, click the button. To exit the MySQL Configuration Wizard without configuring the server, click the button.
After you click the button, the MySQL Configuration Wizard performs a series of tasks and displays the progress onscreen as the tasks are performed.
The MySQL Configuration Wizard firsts determines various
configuration file options based on your choices using a
template prepared by MySQL AB developers and engineers. This
template is named my-template.ini and is
located in your server installation directory.
The MySQL Configuration Wizard then writes these options to a
my.ini file. The final location of the
my.ini file is displayed next to the
Write configuration file task.
If you chose to create a service for the MySQL server, the MySQL Configuration Wizard creates and starts the service. If you are reconfiguring an existing service, the MySQL Configuration Wizard restarts the service to apply your configuration changes.
If you chose to set a root password, the
MySQL Configuration Wizard connects to the server, sets your
new root password and applies any other
security settings you may have selected.
After the MySQL Configuration Wizard has completed its tasks, it displays a summary. Click the Finish button to exit the MySQL Configuration Wizard.
In MySQL installations prior to version 4.1.5 it was customary
to name the server configuration file
my.cnf or my.ini and
locate the file either at c:\my.cnf or
c:\Windows\my.ini.
The new MySQL Configuration Wizard places the
my.ini file in the installation directory
of the MySQL server. This helps associate configuration files
with particular server instances.
To ensure that the MySQL server knows where to look for the
my.ini file, an argument similar to this
is passed to the MySQL server as part of the service
installation:
--defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\my.ini"
Here, C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server
4.1 is replaced with the installation path to
the MySQL Server. The --defaults-file option
instructs the MySQL server to read the specified file for
configuration options when it starts.
To modify the my.ini file, open it with a
text editor and make any necessary changes. You can also
modify the server configuration with the
MySQL
Administrator utility.
MySQL clients and utilities such as the
mysql and mysqldump
command-line clients are not able to locate the
my.ini file located in the server
installation directory. To configure the client and utility
applications, create a new my.ini file in
the C:\WINDOWS or
C:\WINNT directory (whichever is
applicable to your Windows version).
Users who are installing from the Noinstall package, or who are installing a version of MySQL prior to 4.1.5 can use the instructions in this section to manually install MySQL. If you are installing a version prior to 4.1.5 with an install package that includes a Setup program, substitute running the Setup program for extracting the archive.
The process for installing MySQL from a Zip archive is as follows:
Extract the archive to the desired install directory
Create an option file
Choose a MySQL server type
Start the MySQL server
Secure the default user accounts
This process is described in the sections that follow.
To install MySQL manually, do the following:
If you are upgrading from a previous version please refer to Section 2.3.14, “Upgrading MySQL on Windows”, before beginning the upgrade process.
If you are using a Windows NT-based operating system such as Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, or Windows Server 2003, make sure that you are logged in as a user with administrator privileges.
Choose an installation location. Traditionally, the MySQL
server has been installed at C:\mysql.
The MySQL Installation Wizard installs MySQL under
C:\Program Files\MySQL. If you do not
install MySQL in C:\mysql, you must
specify the path to the install directory during startup or
in an option file. See
Section 2.3.7, “Creating an Option File”.
Extract the install archive to the chosen installation location using your preferred Zip archive tool. Some tools may extract the archive to a folder within your chosen installation location. If this occurs, you can move the contents of the subfolder into the chosen installation location.
If you need to specify startup options when you run the server, you can indicate them on the command line or place them in an option file. For options that are used every time the server starts, you may find it most convenient to use an option file to specify your MySQL configuration. This is particularly true under the following circumstances:
The installation or data directory locations differ from the
default locations (C:\mysql and
C:\mysql\data).
You need to tune the server settings. For example, to use
the InnoDB transactional tables in MySQL
3.23, you must manually add some extra lines to the option
file, as described in
Section 14.2.4, “InnoDB Configuration”. (As of MySQL 4.0,
InnoDB creates its data files and log
files in the data directory by default. This means you need
not configure InnoDB explicitly. You may
still do so if you wish, and an option file is also useful
in this case.)
When the MySQL server starts on Windows, it looks for options in
two files: the my.ini file in the Windows
directory, and the C:\my.cnf file. The
Windows directory typically is named something like
C:\WINDOWS or
C:\WINNT. You can determine its exact
location from the value of the WINDIR
environment variable using the following command:
C:\> echo %WINDIR%
MySQL looks for options first in the my.ini
file, and then in the my.cnf file. However,
to avoid confusion, it is best if you use only one file. If your
PC uses a boot loader where the C: drive is
not the boot drive, your only option is to use the
my.ini file. Whichever option file you use,
it must be a plain text file.
You can also make use of the example option files included with your MySQL distribution; see Section 4.3.2.1, “Preconfigured Option Files”.
An option file can be created and modified with any text editor,
such as the Notepad program. For example, if
MySQL is installed in E:\mysql and the data
directory is E:\mydata\data, you can create
the option file and set up a [mysqld] section
to specify values for the basedir and
datadir parameters:
[mysqld] # set basedir to your installation path basedir=E:/mysql # set datadir to the location of your data directory datadir=E:/mydata/data
Note that Windows pathnames are specified in option files using forward slashes rather than backslashes. If you do use backslashes, you must double them:
[mysqld] # set basedir to your installation path basedir=E:\\mysql # set datadir to the location of your data directory datadir=E:\\mydata\\data
On Windows, the MySQL installer places the data directory
directly under the directory where you install MySQL. If you
would like to use a data directory in a different location, you
should copy the entire contents of the data
directory to the new location. For example, by default, the
installer places MySQL in C:\mysql, and the
data directory in C:\mysql\data. If you
want to use E:\mydata as the data
directory, you must do two things:
Move the data directory from
C:\mysql\data to
E:\mydata.
Use a --datadir option to specify the new
data directory location each time you start the server.
Starting with MySQL 3.23.38, the Windows distribution includes both the normal and the MySQL-Max server binaries.
Up through the early releases of MySQL 4.1, the servers included in Windows distributions are named like this:
| Binary | Description |
| mysqld | Compiled with full debugging and automatic memory allocation checking,
and InnoDB and BDB
tables. |
| mysqld-opt | Optimized binary. From version 4.0 on, InnoDB is
enabled. Before 4.0, this server includes no
transactional table support. |
| mysqld-nt | Optimized binary for Windows NT, 2000, and XP with support for named pipes. |
| mysqld-max | Optimized binary with InnoDB and
BDB support. |
| mysqld-max-nt | Like mysqld-max, but compiled with support for named pipes. |
We have found that the server with the most generic name
(mysqld) is the one that many users are
likely to choose by default. However, that is also the server
that results in the highest memory and CPU use due to the
inclusion of full debugging support. The server named
mysqld-opt is a better general-use server
choice to make instead if you do not need debugging support and
do not want the maximal feature set offered by the
-max servers or named pipe support offered by
the -nt servers.
To make it less likely that the debugging server would be chosen inadvertently, some name changes were made from MySQL 4.1.2 to 4.1.4: mysqld has been renamed to mysqld-debug and mysqld-opt has been renamed to mysqld. Thus, the server that includes debugging support indicates that in its name, and the server named mysqld is an efficient default choice. The other servers still have their same names. The resulting servers are named like this:
| Binary | Description |
| mysqld-debug | Compiled with full debugging and automatic memory allocation checking,
and InnoDB and BDB
tables. |
| mysqld | Optimized binary with InnoDB support. |
| mysqld-nt | Optimized binary for Windows NT, 2000, and XP with support for named pipes. |
| mysqld-max | Optimized binary with support for InnoDB and
BDB tables. |
| mysqld-max-nt | Like mysqld-max, but compiled with support for named pipes. |
The name changes were not both instituted at the same time. If you have MySQL 4.1.2 or 4.1.3, it might be that you have a server named mysqld-debug but not one named mysqld. In this case, you should have a server mysqld-opt, which you should choose as your default server unless you need maximal features, named pipes, or debugging support.
All of the preceding binaries are optimized for modern Intel processors, but should work on any Intel i386-class or higher processor.
As of MySQL 4.0, all Windows servers have support for symbolic linking of database directories. Before MySQL 4.0, only the debugging and Max server versions include this feature.
MySQL supports TCP/IP on all Windows platforms. The
mysqld-nt and mysql-max-nt
servers support named pipes on Windows NT, 2000, XP, and 2003.
However, the default is to use TCP/IP regardless of the
platform. (Named pipes are slower than TCP/IP in many Windows
configurations.)
Use of named pipes is subject to these conditions:
Starting from MySQL 3.23.50, named pipes are enabled only if
you start the server with the
--enable-named-pipe option. It is necessary
to use this option explicitly because some users have
experienced problems shutting down the MySQL server when
named pipes were used.
Named-pipe connections are allowed only by the mysqld-nt or mysqld-max-nt servers, and only if the server is run on a version of Windows that supports named pipes (NT, 2000, XP, 2003).
These servers can be run on Windows 98 or Me, but only if TCP/IP is installed; named-pipe connections cannot be used.
These servers cannot be run on Windows 95.
Note: Most of the examples in this manual use mysqld as the server name. If you choose to use a different server, such as mysqld-nt, make the appropriate substitutions in the commands that are shown in the examples.
This section gives a general overview of starting the MySQL server. The following sections provide more specific information for starting the MySQL server from the command line or as a Windows service.
The information here applies primarily if you installed MySQL
using the Noinstall version, or if you wish
to configure and test MySQL manually rather than with the GUI
tools.
On Windows 95, 98, or Me, MySQL clients always connect to the server using TCP/IP. (This allows any machine on your network to connect to your MySQL server.) Because of this, you must make sure that TCP/IP support is installed on your machine before starting MySQL. You can find TCP/IP on your Windows CD-ROM.
Note that if you are using an old Windows 95 release (for example, OSR2), it is likely that you have an old Winsock package; MySQL requires Winsock 2. You can get the newest Winsock from http://www.microsoft.com/. Windows 98 has the new Winsock 2 library, so it is unnecessary to update the library.
On NT-based systems such as Windows NT, 2000, XP, or 2003, clients have two options. They can use TCP/IP, or they can use a named pipe if the server supports named-pipe connections. For MySQL to work with TCP/IP on Windows NT 4, you must install service pack 3 (or newer).
In MySQL versions 4.1 and higher, Windows servers also support
shared-memory connections if the server is started with the
--shared-memory option. Clients can connect
through shared memory by using the
--protocol=memory option.
For information about which server binary to run, see Section 2.3.8, “Selecting a MySQL Server type”.
The examples in these sections assume that MySQL is installed
under the default location of C:\mysql.
Adjust the pathnames shown in the examples if you have MySQL
installed in a different location.
Testing is best done from a command prompt in a console window (a “DOS window”). This way you can have the server display status messages in the window where they are easy to see. If something is wrong with your configuration, these messages make it easier for you to identify and fix any problems.
To start the server, enter this command:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --console
For a server that includes InnoDB support,
you should see the messages similar to those following as it
starts (the pathnames and sizes may differ):
InnoDB: The first specified datafile c:\ibdata\ibdata1 did not exist: InnoDB: a new database to be created! InnoDB: Setting file c:\ibdata\ibdata1 size to 209715200 InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait... InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 size to 31457280 InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 did not exist: new to be created InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 size to 31457280 InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 did not exist: new to be created InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 size to 31457280 InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer not found: creating new InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer created InnoDB: creating foreign key constraint system tables InnoDB: foreign key constraint system tables created 011024 10:58:25 InnoDB: Started
When the server finishes its startup sequence, you should see something like this, which indicates that the server is ready to service client connections:
mysqld: ready for connections Version: '4.0.14-log' socket: '' port: 3306
The server continues to write to the console any further diagnostic output it produces. You can open a new console window in which to run client programs.
If you omit the --console option, the server
writes diagnostic output to the error log in the data directory
(C:\mysql\data by default). The error log
is the file with the .err extension.
Note: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you should set up passwords for them using the instructions in Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.
The MySQL server can be started manually from the command line. This can be done on any version of Windows.
To start the mysqld server from the command line, you should start a console window (a “DOS window”) and enter this command:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin\mysqld"
The path to mysqld may vary depending on the install location of MySQL on your system.
On non-NT versions of Windows, this command starts mysqld in the background. That is, after the server starts, you should see another command prompt. If you start the server this way on Windows NT, 2000, XP, or 2003, the server runs in the foreground and no command prompt appears until the server exits. Because of this, you should open another console window to run client programs while the server is running.
You can stop the MySQL server by executing this command:
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin\mysqladmin" -u root shutdown
Note: If the MySQL
root user account has a password, you need to
invoke mysqladmin with the
-p option and supply the password when
prompted.
This command invokes the MySQL administrative utility
mysqladmin to connect to the server and tell
it to shut down. The command connects as the MySQL
root user, which is the default
administrative account in the MySQL grant system. Note that
users in the MySQL grant system are wholly independent from any
login users under Windows.
If mysqld does not start, check the error log
to see whether the server wrote any messages there to indicate
the cause of the problem. The error log is located in the
C:\mysql\data directory. It is the file
with a suffix of .err. You can also try to
start the server as mysqld --console; in this
case, you may get some useful information on the screen that may
help solve the problem.
The last option is to start mysqld with the
--standalone and --debug
options. In this case, mysqld writes a log
file C:\mysqld.trace that should contain
the reason why mysqld doesn't start. See
Section E.1.2, “Creating Trace Files”.
Use mysqld --verbose --help to display all
the options that mysqld understands. (Prior
to MySQL 4.1, omit the --verbose option.)
On the NT family (Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2003), the recommended way to run MySQL is to install it as a Windows service. With the MySQL server installed as a service, Windows starts and stops it server automatically when Windows starts and stops. A MySQL server installed as a service can also be controlled from the command line using NET commands, or with the graphical Services utility.
The Services utility (the Windows Service Control Manager) can be found in the Windows Control Panel (under on Windows 2000, XP, and Server 2003). To avoid conflicts, it is advisable to close the Services utility while performing server installation or removal operations from the command line.
Before installing MySQL as a Windows service, you should first stop the current server if it is running by using the following command:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown
Note: If the MySQL
root user account has a password, you need to
invoke mysqladmin with the
-p option and supply the password when
prompted.
This command invokes the MySQL administrative utility
mysqladmin to connect to the server and tell
it to shut down. The command connects as the MySQL
root user, which is the default
administrative account in the MySQL grant system. Note that
users in the MySQL grant system are wholly independent from any
login users under Windows.
Install the server as a service using this command:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install
The service-installation command does not start the server. Instructions for that are given later in this section.
Before MySQL 4.0.2, no command-line arguments can be given
following the --install option. MySQL 4.0.2 and
up offers limited support for additional arguments:
You can specify a service name immediately following the
--install option. The default service name
is MySQL.
As of MySQL 4.0.3, if a service name is given, it can be
followed by a single option. By convention, this should be
--defaults-file=
to specify the name of an option file from which the server
should read options when it starts.
file_name
It is possible to use a single option other than
--defaults-file, but this is discouraged.
--defaults-file is more flexible because it
enables you to specify multiple startup options for the
server by placing them in the named option file. Also, in
MySQL 5.0, use of an option different from
--defaults-file is not supported until
5.0.3.
As of MySQL 5.0.1, you can also specify a
--local-service option following the
service name. This causes the server to run using the
LocalService Windows account that has
limited system privileges. This account is available only
for Windows XP or newer. If both
--defaults-file and
--local-service are given following the
service name, they can be in any order.
For a MySQL server that is installed as a Windows service, the following rules determine the service name and option files that the server uses:
If the service-installation command specifies no service
name or the default service name (MySQL)
following the --install option, the server
uses the a service name of MySQL and
reads options from the [mysqld] group in
the standard option files.
If the service-installation command specifies a service name
other than MySQL following the
--install option, the server uses that
service name. It reads options from the group that has the
same name as the service, and reads options from the
standard option files.
As of MySQL 4.0.17, the server also reads options from the
[mysqld] group from the standard option
files. This allows you to use the
[mysqld] group for options that should be
used by all MySQL services, and an option group with the
same name as a service for use by the server installed with
that service name.
If the service-installation command specifies a
--defaults-file option after the service
name, the server reads options only from the
[mysqld] group of the named file and
ignores the standard option files.
As a more complex example, consider the following command:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install MySQL --defaults-file=C:\my-opts.cnf
Here, the default service name (MySQL) is
given after the --install option. If no
--defaults-file option had been given, this
command would have the effect of causing the server to read the
[mysqld] group from the standard option
files. However, because the --defaults-file
option is present, the server reads options from the
[mysqld] option group, and only from the
named file.
You can also specify options in in the Windows Services utility before you start the MySQL service.
Note: Prior to MySQL 4.0.17, a
server installed as a Windows service has problems starting if
its pathname or the service name contains spaces. For this
reason, with older versions, avoid installing MySQL in a
directory such as C:\Program Files or using
a service name containing spaces.
Once a MySQL server has been installed as a service, Windows starts the service automatically whenever Windows starts. The service also can be started immediately from the Services utility, or by using a NET START MySQL command. The NET command is not case sensitive.
When run as a service, mysqld has no access
to a console window, so no messages can be seen there. If
mysqld does not start, check the error log to
see whether the server wrote any messages there to indicate the
cause of the problem. The error log is located in the MySQL data
directory (for example, C:\mysql\data). It
is the file with a suffix of .err.
When a MySQL server has been installed as a service, and the
service is running, Windows stops the service automatically when
Windows shuts down. The server also can be stopped manually by
using the Services utility, the NET
STOP MySQL command, or the mysqladmin
shutdown command.
From MySQL 3.23.44 on, you have the choice of installing the
server as a Manual service if you do not
wish the service to be started automatically during the boot
process. To do this, use the --install-manual
option rather than the --install option:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install-manual
To remove a server that is installed as a service, first stop it
if it is running by executing NET STOP MySQL.
Then use the --remove option to remove it:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --remove
For MySQL versions older than 3.23.49, one problem with
automatic MySQL service shutdown is that Windows waited only for
a few seconds for the shutdown to complete, and then killed the
database server process if the time limit was exceeded. This had
the potential to cause problems. (For example, the
InnoDB storage engine would have to perform
crash recovery at the next startup.) Starting from MySQL
3.23.49, Windows waits longer for the MySQL server shutdown to
complete. If you notice this still is not enough for your
installation, it is safest not to run the MySQL server as a
service. Instead, start it from the command-line prompt, and
stop it with mysqladmin shutdown.
This change to tell Windows to wait longer when stopping the
MySQL server works for Windows 2000 and XP. It does not work for
Windows NT, where Windows waits only 20 seconds for a service to
shut down, and after that kills the service process. You can
increase this default by opening the Registry
Editor
(\winnt\system32\regedt32.exe) and editing
the value of WaitToKillServiceTimeout at
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control
in the Registry tree. Specify the new larger value in
milliseconds. For example, the value 120000
tells Windows NT to wait up to 120 seconds.
If mysqld is not running as a service, you can start it from the command line. For instructions, see Section 2.3.10, “Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line”.
Please see Section 2.3.13, “Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows”, if you encounter difficulties during installation.
You can test whether the MySQL server is working by executing any of the following commands:
C:\>C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshowC:\>C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow -u root mysqlC:\>C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin version status procC:\>C:\mysql\bin\mysql test
If mysqld is slow to respond to TCP/IP
connections from client programs on Windows 9x/Me, there is
probably a problem with your DNS. In this case, start
mysqld with the
--skip-name-resolve option and use only
localhost and IP numbers in the
Host column of the MySQL grant tables.
You can force a MySQL client to use a named-pipe connection
rather than TCP/IP by specifying the --pipe
option or by specifying . (period) as the
host name. Use the --socket option to specify
the name of the pipe if you do not want to use the default pipe
name. As of MySQL 4.1, you can use the
--protocol=PIPE option instead.
Note that if you have set a password for the
root account, deleted the anonymous account,
or ceated a new user account, then you must use the appropriate
-u and -p options with the
commands shown above in order to connect with the MySQL Server.
See Section 5.7.4, “Connecting to the MySQL Server”.
There are two versions of the MySQL command-line tool on Windows:
| Binary | Description |
| mysql | Compiled on native Windows, offering limited text editing capabilities. |
| mysqlc | Compiled with the Cygnus GNU compiler and libraries, which offers
readline editing.
mysqlc was intended for use primarily
with Windows 9x/Me. It does not support the updated
authentication protocol used beginning with MySQL 4.1,
and is not supported in MySQL 4.1 and above. Beginning
with MySQL 4.1.8, it is no longer included in MySQL
Windows distributions. |
To use mysqlc, you must have a copy of the
cygwinb19.dll library installed somewhere
that mysqlc can find it. If your distribution
does not have the cygwinb19.dll library in
the bin directory under the base directory
of your MySQL installation, look for it in the
lib directory and copy it to your Windows
system directory (\Windows\system or a
similar place).
For more information about mysqlshow, see Section 8.15, “mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information”.
When installing and running MySQL for the first time, you may encounter certain errors that prevent the MySQL server from starting. The purpose of this section is to help you diagnose and correct some of these errors.
Your first resource when troubleshooting server issues is the
error log. The MySQL server uses the error log to record
information relevant to the error that prevents the server from
starting. The error log is located in the data directory
specified in your my.ini file. The default
data directory location is C:\mysql\data.
See Section 5.11.1, “The Error Log”.
Another source of information regarding possible errors is the console messages displayed when the MySQL service is starting. Use the NET START MySQL command from the command line after installing mysqld as a service to see any error messages regarding the starting of the MySQL server as a service. See Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.
The following examples show other common error messages you may encounter when installing MySQL and starting the server for the first time:
If the MySQL server cannot find the mysql
privileges database or other critical files, you may see
these messsages:
System error 1067 has occurred. Fatal error: Can't open privilege tables: Table 'mysql.host' does not exist
These messages often occur when the MySQL base or data
directories are installed in different locations than the
default locations (C:\mysql and
C:\mysql\data, respectively).
This situation may occur when MySQL is upgraded and installed to a new location, but the configuration file is not updated to reflect the new location. In addition, there may be old and new configuration files that conflict. Be sure to delete or rename any old configuration files when upgrading MySQL.
If you have installed MySQL to a directory other than
C:\mysql, you need to ensure that the
MySQL server is aware of this through the use of a
configuration (my.ini) file. The
my.ini file needs to be located in your
Windows directory, typically C:\WINDOWS
or C:\WINNT. You can determine its
exact location from the value of the
WINDIR environment variable by issuing
the following command from the command prompt:
C:\> echo %WINDIR%
An option file can be created and modified with any text
editor, such as the Notepad program. For
example, if MySQL is installed in
E:\mysql and the data directory is
D:\MySQLdata, you can create the option
file and set up a [mysqld] section to
specify values for the basedir and
datadir parameters:
[mysqld] # set basedir to your installation path basedir=E:/mysql # set datadir to the location of your data directory datadir=D:/MySQLdata
Note that Windows pathnames are specified in option files using forward slashes rather than backslashes. If you do use backslashes, you must double them:
[mysqld] # set basedir to your installation path basedir=C:\\Program Files\\mysql # set datadir to the location of your data directory datadir=D:\\MySQLdata
If you change the datadir value in your
MySQL configuration file, you must move the contents of the
existing MySQL data directory before restarting the MySQL
server.
If you reinstall or upgrade MySQL without first stopping and removing the existing MySQL service and install MySQL using the MySQL Configuration Wizard, you may see this error:
Error: Cannot create Windows service for MySql. Error: 0
This occurs when the Configuration Wizard tries to install the service and finds an existing service with the same name.
One solution to this problem is to choose a service name
other than mysql when using the
configuration wizard. This allows the new service to be
installed correctly, but leaves the outdated service in
place. Although this is harmless, it is best to remove old
services that are no longer in use.
To permanently remove the old mysql
service, execute the following command as a user with
administrative privileges, on the command-line:
C:\> sc delete mysql
[SC] DeleteService SUCCESS
If the sc utility is not available for
your version of Windows, download the
delsrv utility from
http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tools/existing/delsrv-o.asp
and use the delsrv mysql syntax.
This section lists some of the steps you should take when upgrading MySQL on Windows.
Review Section 2.11, “Upgrading MySQL”, for additional information on upgrading MySQL that is not specific to Windows.
You should always back up your current MySQL installation before performing an upgrade. See Section 5.9.1, “Database Backups”.
Download the latest Windows distribution of MySQL from http://dev.mysql.com.
Before upgrading MySQL, you must stop the server. If the server is installed as a service, stop the service with the following command from the command prompt:
C:\> NET STOP MySQL
If you are not running the MySQL server as a service, use the following command to stop it:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown
Note: If the MySQL
root user account has a password, you
need to invoke mysqladmin with the
-p option and supply the password when
prompted.
When upgrading to MySQL 4.1.5 or higher from a previous version, or when upgrading from a version of MySQL installed from a Zip archive to a version of MySQL installed with the MySQL Installation Wizard, you must manually remove the previous installation and MySQL service (if the server is installed as a service).
To remove the MySQL service, use the following command:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --remove
If you do not remove the existing service, the MySQL Installation Wizard may fail to properly install the new MySQL service.
If you are using the MySQL Installation Wizard, start the wizard as described in Section 2.3.3, “Using the MySQL Installation Wizard”.
If you are installing MySQL from a Zip archive, extract the
archive. You may either overwrite your existing MySQL
installation (usually located at
C:\mysql), or install it into a
different directory, such as C:\mysql5.
Overwriting the existing installation is recommended.
If you were running MySQL as a Windows service and you had to remove the service earlier in this procedure, reinstall the service. (See Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.)
Restart the server. For example, use NET START MySQL if you run MySQL as a service, or invoke mysqld directly otherwise.
If you encounter errors, see Section 2.3.13, “Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows”.
MySQL for Windows has proven itself to be very stable. The Windows version of MySQL has the same features as the corresponding Unix version, with the following exceptions:
Windows 95 and threads
Windows 95 leaks about 200 bytes of main memory for each thread creation. Each connection in MySQL creates a new thread, so you should not run mysqld for an extended time on Windows 95 if your server handles many connections! Newer versions of Windows don't suffer from this bug.
Limited number of ports
Windows systems have about 4,000 ports available for client connections, and after a connection on a port closes, it takes two to four minutes before the port can be reused. In situations where clients connect to and disconnect from the server at a high rate, it is possible for all available ports to be used up before closed ports become available again. If this happens, the MySQL server appears to be unresponsive even though it is running. Note that ports may be used by other applications running on the machine as well, in which case the number of ports available to MySQL is lower.
For more information about this problem, see http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;196271.
Concurrent reads
MySQL depends on the pread() and
pwrite() calls to be able to mix
INSERT and SELECT.
Currently, we use mutexes to emulate
pread()/pwrite(). We
will, in the long run, replace the file level interface with
a virtual interface so that we can use the
readfile()/writefile()
interface on NT, 2000, and XP to get more speed. The current
implementation limits the number of open files that MySQL
can use to 2,048 (1,024 before MySQL 4.0.19), which means
that you cannot run as many concurrent threads on NT, 2000,
XP, and 2003 as on Unix.
Blocking read
MySQL uses a blocking read for each connection. That has the following implications if named-pipe connections are enabled:
A connection is not disconnected automatically after eight hours, as happens with the Unix version of MySQL.
If a connection hangs, it is impossible to break it without killing MySQL.
mysqladmin kill does not work on a sleeping connection.
mysqladmin shutdown cannot abort as long as there are sleeping connections.
We plan to fix this problem when our Windows developers have figured out a workaround.
ALTER
TABLE
While you are executing an ALTER TABLE
statement, the table is locked from being used by other
threads. This has to do with the fact that on Windows, you
cannot delete a file that is in use by another thread. In
the future, we may find some way to work around this
problem.
DROP
TABLE
DROP TABLE on a table that is in use by a
MERGE table does not work on Windows
because the MERGE handler does the table
mapping hidden from the upper layer of MySQL. Because
Windows does not allow you to drop files that are open, you
first must flush all MERGE tables (with
FLUSH TABLES) or drop the
MERGE table before dropping the table. We
will fix this at the same time we introduce views.
DATA DIRECTORY and
INDEX DIRECTORY
The DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX
DIRECTORY options for CREATE
TABLE are ignored on Windows, because Windows does
not support symbolic links. These options also are ignored
on systems that have a non-functional
realpath() call.
DROP
DATABASE
You cannot drop a database that is in use by a thread.
Killing MySQL from the Task Manager
On Windows 95, you cannot kill MySQL from the Task Manager
or with the shutdown utility. You must stop it with
mysqladmin shutdown or the NET
STOP ... command.
Case-insensitive names
Filenames are not case sensitive on Windows, so MySQL database and table names are also not case sensitive on Windows. The only restriction is that database and table names must be specified using the same case throughout a given statement. See Section 9.2.2, “Identifier Case Sensitivity”.
The ‘\’
pathname separator character
Pathname components in Windows are separated by the
‘\’ character, which is also
the escape character in MySQL. If you are using
LOAD DATA INFILE or SELECT ...
INTO OUTFILE, use Unix-style filenames with
‘/’ characters:
mysql>LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:/tmp/skr.txt' INTO TABLE skr;mysql>SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'C:/tmp/skr.txt' FROM skr;
Alternatively, you must double the
‘\’ character:
mysql>LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:\\tmp\\skr.txt' INTO TABLE skr;mysql>SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'C:\\tmp\\skr.txt' FROM skr;
Problems with pipes
Pipes do not work reliably from the Windows command-line
prompt. If the pipe includes the character
^Z / CHAR(24), Windows
thinks that it has encountered end-of-file and aborts the
program.
This is a problem mainly when you try to apply a binary log as follows:
C:\> mysqlbinlog binary_log_file | mysql --user=root
If you have a problem applying the log and suspect that it
is because of a ^Z /
CHAR(24) character, you can use the
following workaround:
C:\>mysqlbinlogC:\>binary_log_file--result-file=/tmp/bin.sqlmysql --user=root --execute "source /tmp/bin.sql"
The latter command also can be used to reliably read in any SQL file that may contain binary data.
Access denied for
user error
If MySQL cannot resolve your hostname properly, you may get the following error when you attempt to run a MySQL client program to connect to a server running on the same machine:
Access denied for user 'some_user'@'unknown'
to database 'mysql'
To fix this problem, you should create a file named
\windows\hosts containing the following
information:
127.0.0.1 localhost
Here are some open issues for anyone who might want to help us improve MySQL on Windows:
Add macros to use the faster thread-safe increment/decrement methods provided by Windows.
The recommended way to install MySQL on Linux is by using the RPM
packages. The MySQL RPMs are currently built on a SuSE Linux 7.3
system, but should work on most versions of Linux that support
rpm and use glibc. To obtain
RPM packages, see Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.
MySQL AB does provide some platform-specific RPMs; the difference between a platform-specific RPM and a generic RPM is that a platform-specific RPM is built on the targeted platform and is linked dynamically whereas a generic RPM is linked statically with LinuxThreads.
Note: RPM distributions of MySQL often are provided by other vendors. Be aware that they may differ in features and capabilities from those built by MySQL AB, and that the instructions in this manual do not necessarily apply to installing them. The vendor's instructions should be consulted instead.
If you have problems with an RPM file (for example, if you receive
the error Sorry, the host
'), see Section 2.13.1.2, “Linux Binary Distribution Notes”.
xxxx' could not be looked
up
In most cases, you need to install only the
MySQL-server and
MySQL-client packages to get a functional MySQL
installation. The other packages are not required for a standard
installation. If you want to run a MySQL-Max server that has
additional capabilities, you should also install the
MySQL-Max RPM. However, you should do so only
after installing the
MySQL-server RPM. See
Section 5.3, “The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server”.
If you get a dependency failure when trying to install the MySQL
4.0 packages (for example, error: removing these packages
would break dependencies: libmysqlclient.so.10 is needed by
...), you should also install the
MySQL-shared-compat package, which includes
both the shared libraries for backward compatibility
(libmysqlclient.so.12 for MySQL 4.0 and
libmysqlclient.so.10 for MySQL 3.23).
Some Linux distributions still ship with MySQL 3.23 and they
usually link applications dynamically to save disk space. If these
shared libraries are in a separate package (for example,
MySQL-shared), it is sufficient to simply leave
this package installed and just upgrade the MySQL server and
client packages (which are statically linked and do not depend on
the shared libraries). For distributions that include the shared
libraries in the same package as the MySQL server (for example,
Red Hat Linux), you could either install our 3.23
MySQL-shared RPM, or use the
MySQL-shared-compat package instead. (Do not
install both.)
The following RPM packages are available:
MySQL-server-
VERSION.i386.rpm
The MySQL server. You need this unless you only want to connect to a MySQL server running on another machine.
Note: Server RPM files were called
MySQL-
before MySQL 4.0.10. That is, they did not have
VERSION.i386.rpm-server in the name.
MySQL-Max-
VERSION.i386.rpm
The MySQL-Max server. This server has additional capabilities
that the one provided in the MySQL-server
RPM does not. You must install the
MySQL-server RPM first, because the
MySQL-Max RPM depends on it.
MySQL-client-
VERSION.i386.rpm
The standard MySQL client programs. You probably always want to install this package.
MySQL-bench-
VERSION.i386.rpm
Tests and benchmarks. Requires Perl and the
DBI and DBD::mysql
modules.
MySQL-devel-
VERSION.i386.rpm
The libraries and include files that are needed if you want to compile other MySQL clients, such as the Perl modules.
MySQL-shared-
VERSION.i386.rpm
This package contains the shared libraries
(libmysqlclient.so*) that certain languages
and applications need to dynamically load and use MySQL. It
contains single-threaded and thread-safe libraries. If you
install this package, do not install the
MySQL-shared-compat package.
MySQL-shared-compat-
VERSION.i386.rpm
This package includes the shared libraries for MySQL 3.23,
4.0, and 4.1. It contains single-threaded and thread-safe
libraries. Install this package instead of
MySQL-shared if you have applications
installed that are dynamically linked against older versions
of MySQL but you want to upgrade to the current version
without breaking the library dependencies. This package has
been available since MySQL 4.0.13.
MySQL-embedded-
VERSION.i386.rpm
The embedded MySQL server library (available as of MySQL 4.0).
MySQL-
VERSION.src.rpm
This contains the source code for all of the previous packages. It can also be used to rebuild the RPMs on other architectures (for example, Alpha or SPARC).
To see all files in an RPM package (for example, a
MySQL-server RPM), run a commnd like this:
shell> rpm -qpl MySQL-server-VERSION.i386.rpm
To perform a standard minimal installation, install the server and client RPMs:
shell>rpm -i MySQL-server-shell>VERSION.i386.rpmrpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.i386.rpm
To install only the client programs, install just the client RPM:
shell> rpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.i386.rpm
RPM provides a feature to verify the integrity and authenticity of
packages before installing them. If you would like to learn more
about this feature, see
Section 2.1.4, “Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or
GnuPG”.
The server RPM places data under the
/var/lib/mysql directory. The RPM also
creates a login account for a user named mysql
(if one does not exist) to use for running the MySQL server, and
creates the appropriate entries in
/etc/init.d/ to start the server
automatically at boot time. (This means that if you have performed
a previous installation and have made changes to its startup
script, you may want to make a copy of the script so that you do
not lose it when you install a newer RPM.) See
Section 2.10.2.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”, for more information on how
MySQL can be started automatically on system startup.
If you want to install the MySQL RPM on older Linux distributions
that do not support initialization scripts in
/etc/init.d (directly or via a symlink), you
should create a symbolic link that points to the location where
your initialization scripts actually are installed. For example,
if that location is /etc/rc.d/init.d, use
these commands before installing the RPM to create
/etc/init.d as a symbolic link that points
there:
shell>cd /etcshell>ln -s rc.d/init.d .
However, all current major Linux distributions should support the
new directory layout that uses /etc/init.d,
because it is required for LSB (Linux Standard Base) compliance.
If the RPM files that you install include
MySQL-server, the mysqld
server should be up and running after installation. You should be
able to start using MySQL.
If something goes wrong, you can find more information in the binary installation section. See Section 2.8, “Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems”.
Note: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you should set up passwords for them using the instructions in Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.
Beginning with MySQL 4.0.11, you can install MySQL on Mac OS X 10.3.x (“Panther”) or newer using a Mac OS X binary package in PKG format instead of the binary tarball distribution. Please note that older versions of Mac OS X (for example, 10.1.x or 10.2.x) are not supported by this package.
The package is located inside a disk image
(.dmg) file that you first need to mount by
double-clicking its icon in the Finder. It should then mount the
image and display its contents.
To obtain MySQL, see Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.
Note: Before proceeding with the installation, be sure to shut down all running MySQL server instances by either using the MySQL Manager Application (on Mac OS X Server) or via mysqladmin shutdown on the command line.
To install the MySQL PKG file, double-click on the package icon. This launches the Mac OS X Package Installer, which guides you through the installation of MySQL.
Due to a bug in the Mac OS X package installer, you may see this error message in the destination disk selection dialog:
You cannot install this software on this disk. (null)
If this error occurs, simply click the button once to return to the previous screen. Then click to advance to the destination disk selection again, and you should be able to choose the destination disk correctly. We have reported this bug to Apple and it is investigating this problem.
The Mac OS X PKG of MySQL installs itself into
/usr/local/mysql-
and also installs a symbolic link,
VERSION/usr/local/mysql, that points to the new
location. If a directory named
/usr/local/mysql exists, it is renamed to
/usr/local/mysql.bak first. In addition, the
installer creates the grant tables in the mysql
database by executing mysql_install_db.
The installation layout is similar to that of a
tar file binary distribution; all MySQL
binaries are located in the directory
/usr/local/mysql/bin. The MySQL socket file
is created as /tmp/mysql.sock by default. See
Section 2.1.5, “Installation Layouts”.
MySQL installation requires a Mac OS X user account named
mysql. A user account with this name should
exist by default on Mac OS X 10.2 and up.
If you are running Mac OS X Server, a version of MySQL should already be installed. The following table shows the versions of MySQL that ship with Mac OS X Server versions.
| Mac OS X Server Version | MySQL Version |
| 10.2-10.2.2 | 3.23.51 |
| 10.2.3-10.2.6 | 3.23.53 |
| 10.3 | 4.0.14 |
| 10.3.2 | 4.0.16 |
| 10.4.0 | 4.1.10a |
This manual section covers the installation of the official MySQL Mac OS X PKG only. Make sure to read Apple's help information about installing MySQL: Run the Help View application, select help, search for “MySQL”, and read the item entitled “Installing MySQL”.
For pre-installed versions of MySQL on Mac OS X Server, note especially that you should start mysqld with safe_mysqld instead of mysqld_safe if MySQL is older than version 4.0.
If you previously used Marc Liyanage's MySQL packages for Mac OS X from http://www.entropy.ch, you can simply follow the update instructions for packages using the binary installation layout as given on his pages.
If you are upgrading from Marc's 3.23.x versions or from the Mac OS X Server version of MySQL to the official MySQL PKG, you also need to convert the existing MySQL privilege tables to the current format, because some new security privileges have been added. See Section 5.5.1, “mysql_fix_privilege_tables — Upgrade MySQL System Tables”.
If you want MySQL to start automatically during system startup, you also need to install the MySQL Startup Item. Starting with MySQL 4.0.15, it is part of the Mac OS X installation disk images as a separate installation package. Simply double-click the MySQLStartupItem.pkg icon and follow the instructions to install it. The Startup Item need be installed only once. There is no need to install it each time you upgrade the MySQL package later.
The Startup Item for MySQL is installed into
/Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM. (Before MySQL
4.1.2, the location was
/Library/StartupItems/MySQL, but that
collided with the MySQL Startup Item installed by Mac OS X
Server.) Startup Item installation adds a variable
MYSQLCOM=-YES- to the system configuration file
/etc/hostconfig. If you want to disable the
automatic startup of MySQL, simply change this variable to
MYSQLCOM=-NO-.
On Mac OS X Server, the default MySQL installation uses the
variable MYSQL in the
/etc/hostconfig file. The MySQL AB Startup
Item installer disables this variable by setting it to
MYSQL=-NO-. This avoids boot time conflicts
with the MYSQLCOM variable used by the MySQL AB
Startup Item. However, it does not shut down a running MySQL
server. You should do that yourself.
After the installation, you can start up MySQL by running the following commands in a terminal window. You must have administrator privileges to perform this task.
If you have installed the Startup Item, use this command:
shell>sudo /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/MySQLCOM start(Enter your password, if necessary)(Press Control-D or enter "exit" to exit the shell)
For versions of MySQL older than 4.1.3, substitute
/Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/MySQLCOM with
/Library/StartupItems/MySQL/MySQL above.
If you do not use the Startup Item, enter the following command sequence:
shell>cd /usr/local/mysqlshell>sudo ./bin/mysqld_safe(Enter your password, if necessary)(Press Control-Z)shell>bg(Press Control-D or enter "exit" to exit the shell)
You should be able to connect to the MySQL server, for example, by
running /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql.
Note: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you should set up passwords for them using the instructions in Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.
You might want to add aliases to your shell's resource file to make it easier to access commonly used programs such as mysql and mysqladmin from the command line. The syntax for bash is:
alias mysql=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql alias mysqladmin=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin
For tcsh, use:
alias mysql /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql alias mysqladmin /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin
Even better, add /usr/local/mysql/bin to your
PATH environment variable. For example, add the
following line to your $HOME/.bashrc file if
your shell is bash:
PATH=${PATH}:/usr/local/mysql/bin
Add the following line to your $HOME/.tcshrc
file if your shell is tcsh:
setenv PATH ${PATH}:/usr/local/mysql/bin
If no .bashrc or .tcshrc
file exists in your home directory, create it with a text editor.
If you are upgrading an existing installation, note that installing a new MySQL PKG does not remove the directory of an older installation. Unfortunately, the Mac OS X Installer does not yet offer the functionality required to properly upgrade previously installed packages.
To use your existing databases with the new installation, you will
need to copy the contents of the old data directory to the new
data directory. Make sure that neither the old server nor the new
one is running when you do this. After you have copied over the
MySQL database files from the previous installation and have
successfully started the new server, you should consider removing
the old installation files to save disk space. Additionally, you
should also remove older versions of the Package Receipt
directories located in
/Library/Receipts/mysql-.
VERSION.pkg
If you install MySQL using a binary tarball distribution on Solaris, you may run into trouble even before you get the MySQL distribution unpacked, as the Solaris tar cannot handle long filenames. This means that you may see errors when you try to unpack MySQL.
If this occurs, you must use GNU tar (gtar) to unpack the distribution. You can find a precompiled copy for Solaris at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/os-solaris.php.
You can install MySQL on Solaris using a binary package in PKG format instead of the binary tarball distribution. Some basic PKG-handling commands follow:
To add a package:
pkgadd -d package_name.pkg
To remove a package:
pkgrm package_name
To get a full list of installed packages:
pkginfo
To get detailed information for a package:
pkginfo -l package_name
To list the files belonging to a package:
pkgchk -v package_name
To get packaging information for an arbitrary file:
pkgchk -l -p file_name
For additional information about installing MySQL on Solaris, see Section 2.13.3, “Solaris Notes”.
Porting MySQL to NetWare was an effort spearheaded by Novell. Novell customers should be pleased to note that NetWare 6.5 ships with bundled MySQL binaries, complete with an automatic commercial use license for all servers running that version of NetWare.
MySQL for NetWare is compiled using a combination of Metrowerks CodeWarrior for NetWare and special cross-compilation versions of the GNU autotools.
The latest binary packages for NetWare can be obtained at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/. See Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.
To host MySQL, the NetWare server must meet these requirements:
The latest Support Pack of NetWare 6.5 must be installed.
The system must meet Novell's minimum requirements to run the respective version of NetWare.
MySQL data and the program binaries must be installed on an NSS volume; traditional volumes are not supported.
To install MySQL for NetWare, use the following procedure:
If you are upgrading from a prior installation, stop the MySQL server. This is done from the server console, using the following command:
SERVER: mysqladmin -u root shutdown
Note: If the MySQL
root user account has a password, you need
to invoke mysqladmin with the
-p option and supply the password when
prompted.
Log on to the target server from a client machine with access to the location where you are installing MySQL.
Extract the binary package Zip file onto the server. Be sure
to allow the paths in the Zip file to be used. It is safe to
simply extract the file to SYS:\.
If you are upgrading from a prior installation, you may need
to copy the data directory (for example,
SYS:MYSQL\DATA), as well as
my.cnf, if you have customized it. You
can then delete the old copy of MySQL.
You might want to rename the directory to something more
consistent and easy to use. The examples in this manual use
SYS:MYSQL to refer to the installation
directory.
Note that MySQL installation on NetWare does not detect if a
version of MySQL is already installed outside the NetWare
release. Therefore, if you have installed the latest MySQL
version from the Web (for example, MySQL 4.1 or later) in
SYS:\MYSQL, you must rename the folder
before upgrading the NetWare server; otherwise, files in
SYS:\MySQL are overwritten by the MySQL
version present in NetWare Support Pack.
At the server console, add a search path for the directory containing the MySQL NLMs. For example:
SERVER: SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
Initialize the data directory and the grant tables, if necessary, by executing mysql_install_db at the server console.
Start the MySQL server using mysqld_safe at the server console.
To finish the installation, you should also add the following
commands to autoexec.ncf. For example, if
your MySQL installation is in SYS:MYSQL
and you want MySQL to start automatically, you could add these
lines:
#Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN MYSQLD_SAFE
If you are running MySQL on NetWare 6.0, we strongly suggest
that you use the --skip-external-locking
option on the command line:
#Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN MYSQLD_SAFE --skip-external-locking
It is also necessary to use CHECK TABLE and
REPAIR TABLE instead of
myisamchk, because
myisamchk makes use of external locking.
External locking is known to have problems on NetWare 6.0; the
problem has been eliminated in NetWare 6.5. Note that the use
of MySQL on Netware 6.0 is not officially supported.
mysqld_safe on NetWare provides a screen presence. When you unload (shut down) the mysqld_safe NLM, the screen does not go away by default. Instead, it prompts for user input:
*<NLM has terminated; Press any key to close the screen>*
If you want NetWare to close the screen automatically instead,
use the --autoclose option to
mysqld_safe. For example:
#Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN MYSQLD_SAFE --autoclose
The behavior of mysqld_safe on NetWare is described further in Section 5.4.1, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.
When installing MySQL version 4.1.x or later, either for the first time or upgrading the 4.0.x version to 4.1.x or later, download and install the latest and appropriate Perl module and PHP extension for NetWare:
If there was an existing installation of MySQL on the NetWare
server, be sure to check for existing MySQL startup commands in
autoexec.ncf, and edit or delete them as
necessary.
Note: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you should set up passwords for them using the instructions in Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.
This section covers the installation of MySQL binary distributions
that are provided for various platforms in the form of compressed
tar files (files with a
.tar.gz extension). See
Section 2.1.2.5, “MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB”, for a detailed list.
To obtain MySQL, see Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.
MySQL tar file binary distributions have names
of the form
mysql-,
where VERSION-OS.tar.gzVERSION4.0.17), and
OS indicates the type of operating
system for which the distribution is intended (for example,
pc-linux-i686).
In addition to these generic packages, we also offer binaries in platform-specific package formats for selected platforms. See Section 2.2, “Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution”, for more information on how to install these.
You need the following tools to install a MySQL tar file binary distribution:
GNU gunzip to uncompress the distribution.
A reasonable tar to unpack the distribution. GNU tar is known to work. Some operating systems come with a pre-installed version of tar that is known to have problems. For example, Mac OS X tar and Sun tar are known to have problems with long filenames. On Mac OS X, you can use the pre-installed gnutar program. On other systems with a deficient tar, you should install GNU tar first.
If you run into problems and need to file a bug report, please use the instructions in Section 1.8, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.
The basic commands that you must execute to install and use a MySQL binary distribution are:
shell>groupadd mysqlshell>useradd -g mysql mysqlshell>cd /usr/localshell>gunzip <shell>/path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -ln -sshell>full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OSmysqlcd mysqlshell>scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysqlshell>chown -R root .shell>chown -R mysql datashell>chgrp -R mysql .shell>bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute bin/safe_mysqld for bin/mysqld_safe in the final command.
Note: This procedure does not set up any passwords for MySQL accounts. After following the procedure, proceed to Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.
A more detailed version of the preceding description for installing a binary distribution follows:
Add a login user and group for mysqld to run as:
shell>groupadd mysqlshell>useradd -g mysql mysql
These commands add the mysql group and the
mysql user. The syntax for
useradd and groupadd may
differ slightly on different versions of Unix, or they may
have different names such as adduser and
addgroup.
You might want to call the user and group something else
instead of mysql. If so, substitute the
appropriate name in the following steps.
Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the
distribution and change location into it. In the following
example, we unpack the distribution under
/usr/local. (The instructions, therefore,
assume that you have permission to create files and
directories in /usr/local. If that
directory is protected, you must perform the installation as
root.)
shell> cd /usr/local
Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”. For a given release, binary distributions for all platforms are built from the same MySQL source distribution.
Unpack the distribution, which creates the installation directory. Then create a symbolic link to that directory:
shell>gunzip <shell>/path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -ln -sfull-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OSmysql
The tar command creates a directory named
mysql-.
The ln command makes a symbolic link to
that directory. This lets you refer more easily to the
installation directory as
VERSION-OS/usr/local/mysql.
With GNU tar, no separate invocation of gunzip is necessary. You can replace the first line with the following alternative command to uncompress and extract the distribution:
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
Change location into the installation directory:
shell> cd mysql
You will find several files and subdirectories in the
mysql directory. The most important for
installation purposes are the bin and
scripts subdirectories:
The bin directory contains client
programs and the server. You should add the full pathname
of this directory to your PATH
environment variable so that your shell finds the MySQL
programs properly. See
Appendix F, Environment Variables.
The scripts directory contains the
mysql_install_db script used to
initialize the mysql database
containing the grant tables that store the server access
permissions.
If you have not installed MySQL before, you must create the MySQL grant tables:
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
If you run the command as root, you must
use the --user option as shown. The value of
the option should be the name of the login account that you
created in the first step to use for running the server. If
you run the command while logged in as that user, you can omit
the --user option.
Note that for MySQL versions older than 3.22.10, mysql_install_db left the server running after creating the grant tables. This is no longer true; you need to restart the server after performing the remaining steps in this procedure.
Change the ownership of program binaries to
root and ownership of the data directory to
the user that you run mysqld as. Assuming
that you are located in the installation directory
(/usr/local/mysql), the commands look
like this:
shell>chown -R root .shell>chown -R mysql datashell>chgrp -R mysql .
The first command changes the owner attribute of the files to
the root user. The second changes the owner
attribute of the data directory to the
mysql user. The third changes the group
attribute to the mysql group.
If you want MySQL to start automatically when you boot your
machine, you can copy
support-files/mysql.server to the
location where your system has its startup files. More
information can be found in the
mysql.server script itself, and in
Section 2.10.2.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”.
You can set up new accounts using the
bin/mysql_setpermission script if you
install the DBI and
DBD::mysql Perl modules. For instructions,
see Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”.
If you would like to use mysqlaccess and
have the MySQL distribution in some non-standard location, you
must change the location where mysqlaccess
expects to find the mysql client. Edit the
bin/mysqlaccess script at approximately
line 18. Search for a line that looks like this:
$MYSQL = '/usr/local/bin/mysql'; # path to mysql executable
Change the path to reflect the location where
mysql actually is stored on your system. If
you do not do this, a Broken pipe error
will occur when you run mysqlaccess.
After everything has been unpacked and installed, you should test your distribution. To start the MySQL server, use the following command:
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
If that command fails immediately and prints mysqld
ended, you can find some information in the
host_name.err
For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute bin/safe_mysqld for bin/mysqld_safe in the command.
More information about mysqld_safe is given in Section 5.4.1, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.
Note: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you should set up passwords for them using the instructions in Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.
Before you proceed with an installation from source, first check whether our binary is available for your platform and whether it works for you. We put a great deal of effort into ensuring that our binaries are built with the best possible options.
To obtain a source distribution for MySQL, Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.
MySQL source distributions are provided as compressed
tar archives and have names of the form
mysql-,
where VERSION.tar.gzVERSION is a number like
4.1.13.
You need the following tools to build and install MySQL from source:
GNU gunzip to uncompress the distribution.
A reasonable tar to unpack the distribution. GNU tar is known to work. Some operating systems come with a pre-installed version of tar that is known to have problems. For example, the tar provided with early versions of Mac OS X tar, SunOS 4.x and Solaris 8 and earlier are known to have problems with long filenames. On Mac OS X, you can use the pre-installed gnutar program. On other systems with a deficient tar, you should install GNU tar first.
A working ANSI C++ compiler. gcc 2.95.2 or
later, egcs 1.0.2 or later or egcs
2.91.66, SGI C++, and SunPro C++ are some of the
compilers that are known to work. libg++ is
not needed when using gcc.
gcc 2.7.x has a bug that makes it
impossible to compile some perfectly legal C++ files, such as
sql/sql_base.cc. If you have only
gcc 2.7.x, you must upgrade your
gcc to be able to compile MySQL.
gcc 2.8.1 is also known to have problems on
some platforms, so it should be avoided if a new compiler
exists for the platform.
gcc 2.95.2 or later is recommended when compiling MySQL 3.23.x.
A good make program. GNU make is always recommended and is sometimes required. If you have problems, we recommend GNU make 3.75 or newer.
If you are using a version of gcc recent enough
to understand the -fno-exceptions option, it is
very important that you use this option.
Otherwise, you may compile a binary that crashes randomly. We also
recommend that you also use -felide-constructors
and -fno-rtti as well. When in doubt, do the
following:
CFLAGS="-O3" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors \
-fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure \
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \
--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
On most systems, this gives you a fast and stable binary.
If you run into problems and need to file a bug report, please use the instructions in Section 1.8, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.
The basic commands that you must execute to install a MySQL source distribution are:
shell>groupadd mysqlshell>useradd -g mysql mysqlshell>gunzip < mysql-shell>VERSION.tar.gz | tar -xvf -cd mysql-shell>VERSION./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysqlshell>makeshell>make installshell>cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnfshell>cd /usr/local/mysqlshell>bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysqlshell>chown -R root .shell>chown -R mysql varshell>chgrp -R mysql .shell>bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute bin/safe_mysqld for bin/mysqld_safe in the final command.
If you start from a source RPM, do the following:
shell> rpmbuild --rebuild --clean MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm
This makes a binary RPM that you can install. For older versions of RPM, you may have to replace the command rpmbuild with rpm instead.
Note: This procedure does not set up any passwords for MySQL accounts. After following the procedure, proceed to Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”, for post-installation setup and testing.
A more detailed version of the preceding description for installing MySQL from a source distribution follows:
Add a login user and group for mysqld to run as:
shell>groupadd mysqlshell>useradd -g mysql mysql
These commands add the mysql group and
the mysql user. The syntax for
useradd and groupadd
may differ slightly on different versions of Unix, or they
may have different names such as adduser
and addgroup.
You might want to call the user and group something other
than mysql. If so, substitute the
appropriate name in the following steps.
Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the distribution and change location into it.
Obtain a distribution file using the instructions in Section 2.1.3, “How to Get MySQL”.
Unpack the distribution into the current directory:
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -
This command creates a directory named
mysql-.
VERSION
With GNU tar, no separate invocation of gunzip is necessary. You can use the following alternative command to uncompress and extract the distribution:
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
Change location into the top-level directory of the unpacked distribution:
shell> cd mysql-VERSION
Note that currently you must configure and build MySQL from this top-level directory. You cannot build it in a different directory.
Configure the release and compile everything:
shell>./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysqlshell>make
When you run configure, you might want to specify other options. Run ./configure --help for a list of options. Section 2.9.2, “Typical configure Options”, discusses some of the more useful options.
If configure fails and you are going to
send mail to a MySQL mailing list to ask for assistance,
please include any lines from
config.log that you think can help
solve the problem. Also include the last couple of lines of
output from configure. To file a bug
report, please use the instructions in
Section 1.8, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.
If the compile fails, see Section 2.9.4, “Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL”, for help.
Install the distribution:
shell> make install
If you want to set up an option file, use one of those
present in the support-files directory
as a template. For example:
shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
You might need to run these commands as
root.
If you want to configure support for
InnoDB tables, you should edit the
/etc/my.cnf file, removing the
# character before the option lines that
start with innodb_..., and modify the
option values to be what you want. See
Section 4.3.2, “Using Option Files”, and
Section 14.2.4, “InnoDB Configuration”.
Change location into the installation directory:
shell> cd /usr/local/mysql
If you have not installed MySQL before, you must create the MySQL grant tables:
shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
If you run the command as root, you
should use the --user option as shown. The
value of the option should be the name of the login account
that you created in the first step to use for running the
server. If you run the command while logged in as that user,
you can omit the --user option.
Note that for MySQL versions older than 3.22.10, mysql_install_db left the server running after creating the grant tables. This is no longer true; you need to restart the server after performing the remaining steps in this procedure.
Change the ownership of program binaries to
root and ownership of the data directory
to the user that you run mysqld as.
Assuming that you are in the installation directory
(/usr/local/mysql), the commands look
like this:
shell>chown -R root .shell>chown -R mysql varshell>chgrp -R mysql .
The first command changes the owner attribute of the files
to the root user. The second changes the
owner attribute of the data directory to the
mysql user. The third changes the group
attribute to the mysql group.
If you want MySQL to start automatically when you boot your
machine, you can copy
support-files/mysql.server to the
location where your system has its startup files. More
information can be found in the script itself, and in
Section 2.10.2.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”.
You can set up new accounts using the
bin/mysql_setpermission script if you
install the DBI and
DBD::mysql Perl modules. For
instructions, see Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”.
After everything has been installed, you should test your distribution. To start the MySQL server, use the following command:
shell> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute safe_mysqld for mysqld_safe in the command.
If that command fails immediately and prints mysqld
ended, you can find some information in the
host_name.err
More information about mysqld_safe is given in Section 5.4.1, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.
Note: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables initially have no passwords. After starting the server, you should set up passwords for them using the instructions in Section 2.10, “Post-Installation Setup and Testing”.
The configure script gives you a great deal of control over how you configure a MySQL source distribution. Typically you do this using options on the configure command line. You can also affect configure using certain environment variables. See Appendix F, Environment Variables. For a list of options supported by configure, run this command:
shell> ./configure --help
Some of the more commonly used configure options are described here:
To compile just the MySQL client libraries and client
programs and not the server, use the
--without-server option:
shell> ./configure --without-server
If you have no C++ compiler, some client programs such as
mysql cannot be compiled because they
require C++.. In this case, you can remove the code in
configure that tests for the C++ compiler
and then run ./configure with the
--without-server option. The compile step
should still try to build all clients, but you can ignore
any warnings about files such as
mysql.cc. (If make
stops, try make -k to tell it to continue
with the rest of the build even if errors occur.)
If you want to build the embedded MySQL library
(libmysqld.a), use the
--with-embedded-server option.
If you do not want your log files and database directories
located under /usr/local/var, use a
configure command something like one of
these:
shell>./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysqlshell>./configure --prefix=/usr/local \--localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
The first command changes the installation prefix so that
everything is installed under
/usr/local/mysql rather than the
default of /usr/local. The second
command preserves the default installation prefix, but
overrides the default location for database directories
(normally /usr/local/var) and changes
it to /usr/local/mysql/data.
You can also specify the installation directory and data
directory locations at server startup time by using the
--basedir and --datadir
options. These can be given on the command line or in an
MySQL option file, although it is more common to use an
option file. See Section 4.3.2, “Using Option Files”.
If you are using Unix and you want the MySQL socket file
location to be somewhere other than the default location
(normally in the directory /tmp or
/var/run), use a
configure command like this:
shell>./configure \--with-unix-socket-path=/usr/local/mysql/tmp/mysql.sock
The socket filename must be an absolute pathname. You can
also change the location of mysql.sock
at server startup by using a MySQL option file. See
Section A.4.5, “How to Protect or Change the MySQL Unix Socket File”.
If you want to compile statically linked programs (for example, to make a binary distribution, to get better performance, or to work around problems with some Red Hat Linux distributions), run configure like this:
shell>./configure --with-client-ldflags=-all-static \--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
If you are using gcc and do not have
libg++ or libstdc++
installed, you can tell configure to use
gcc as your C++ compiler:
shell> CC=gcc CXX=gcc ./configure
When you use gcc as your C++ compiler, it
does not attempt to link in libg++ or
libstdc++. This may be a good thing to do
even if you have those libraries installed. Some versions of
them have caused strange problems for MySQL users in the
past.
The following list indicates some compilers and environment variable settings that are commonly used with each one.
gcc 2.7.2:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors"
egcs 1.0.3a:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors \ -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"
gcc 2.95.2:
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro \ -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"
pgcc 2.90.29 or newer:
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -mstack-align-double" CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -mstack-align-double \ -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"
In most cases, you can get a reasonably optimized MySQL binary by using the options from the preceding list and adding the following options to the configure line:
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \ --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
The full configure line would, in other words, be something like the following for all recent gcc versions:
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro \ -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure \ --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \ --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
The binaries we provide on the MySQL Web site at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ are all compiled with full optimization and should be perfect for most users. See Section 2.1.2.5, “MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB”. There are some configuration settings you can tweak to build an even faster binary, but these are only for advanced users. See Section 7.5.3, “How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL”.
If the build fails and produces errors about your compiler
or linker not being able to create the shared library
libmysqlclient.so.
(where NN is a version number),
you can work around this problem by giving the
--disable-shared option to
configure. In this case,
configure does not build a shared
libmysqlclient.so.
library.
N
By default, MySQL uses the latin1 (cp1252
West European) character set. To change the default set, use
the --with-charset option:
shell> ./configure --with-charset=CHARSET
CHARSET may be one of
big5, cp1251,
cp1257, czech,
danish, dec8,
dos, euc_kr,
gb2312, gbk,
german1, hebrew,
hp8, hungarian,
koi8_ru, koi8_ukr,
latin1, latin2,
sjis, swe7,
tis620, ujis,
usa7, or win1251ukr.
See Section 5.10.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”. (Additional character
sets might be available. Check the output from
./configure --help for the current list.)
As of MySQL 4.1.1, the default collation may also be
specified. MySQL uses the
latin1_swedish_ci collation. To change
this, use the --with-collation option:
shell> ./configure --with-collation=COLLATION
To change both the character set and the collation, use both
the --with-charset and
--with-collation options. The collation
must be a legal collation for the character set. (Use the
SHOW COLLATION statement to determine
which collations are available for each character set.)
Warning: If you change
character sets after having created any tables, you have to
run myisamchk -r -q
--set-collation=collation_name
on every MyISAM table. Your indexes may
be sorted incorrectly otherwise. This can happen if you
install MySQL, create some tables, and then reconfigure
MySQL to use a different character set and reinstall it.
(Use --set-character-set before MySQL
4.1.1.)
With the configure option
--with-extra-charsets=,
you can define which additional character sets should be
compiled into the server. LISTLIST is
one of the following:
A list of character set names separated by spaces
complex to include all character sets
that can't be dynamically loaded
all to include all character sets
into the binaries
Clients that want to convert characters between the server
and the client should use the SET NAMES
statement. See Section 13.5.3, “SET Syntax”, and
Section 10.4, “Connection Character Sets and Collations”.
To configure MySQL with debugging code, use the
--with-debug option:
shell> ./configure --with-debug
This causes a safe memory allocator to be included that can find some errors and that provides output about what is happening. See Section E.1, “Debugging a MySQL Server”.
If your client programs are using threads, you must compile
a thread-safe version of the MySQL client library with the
--enable-thread-safe-client configure
option. This creates a libmysqlclient_r
library with which you should link your threaded
applications. See Section 17.2.15, “How to Make a Threaded Client”.
It is now possible to build MySQL with big table support
using the --with-big-tables option,
beginning with the following MySQL versions:
4.0 series: 4.0.25
4.1 series: 4.1.11
This option causes the variables that store table row counts
to be declared as unsigned long long
rather than unsigned long. This enables
tables to hold up to approximately 1.844E+19
((232)2)
rows rather than 232 (~4.295E+09)
rows. Previously it was necessary to pass
-DBIG_TABLES to the compiler manually in
order to enable this feature.
See Section 2.13, “Operating System-Specific Notes”, for options that pertain to particular operating systems.
See Section 5.8.7.2, “Using SSL Connections”, for options that pertain to configuring MySQL to support secure (encrypted) connections.
Caution: You should read this section only if you are interested in helping us test new code. If you just want to get MySQL up and running on your system, you should use a standard release distribution (either a binary or source distribution).
To obtain our most recent development source tree, first download and install the BitKeeper free client if you do not have it. The client can be obtained from http://www.bitmover.com/bk-client.shar.
To install the BitKeeper client on Unix, use these commands:
shell>sh bk-client.sharshell>cd bk_client-1.1shell>make allshell>PATH=$PWD:$PATH
To install the BitKeeper client on Windows, use these instructions:
Download and install Cygwin from http://cygwin.com.
Make sure gcc and make have been installed under Cygwin. You can test this by issuing which gcc and which make commands. If either one is not installed, run Cygwin's package manager, select gcc, make, or both, and install them.
Under Cygwin, execute these commands:
shell>sh bk-client.sharshell>cd bk_client-1.1
Then edit the Makefile and change the
line that reads $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o sfio -lz
sfio.c to this:
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o sfio sfio.c -lz
Now run the make command and set the path:
shell>make allshell>PATH=$PWD:$PATH
The BitKeeper free client is shipped with its source code. The only documentation available for the free client is the source code itself.
After you have installed the BitKeeper client, you can access the MySQL development source tree:
Change location to the directory you want to work from, and then use one of the following commands to make a local copy of the MySQL version branch of your choice:
To copy the 3.23 branch, use this command:
shell> sfioball -r+ bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-3.23 mysql-3.23
To copy the 4.0 branch, use this command:
shell> sfioball -r+ bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.0 mysql-4.0
To copy the 4.1 branch, use this command:
shell> sfioball -r+ bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.1 mysql-4.1
In the preceding examples, the source tree is set up in the
mysql-3.23/,
mysql-4.0/, or
mysql-4.1/ subdirectory of your current
directory.
The initial download of the source tree may take a while, depending on the speed of your connection. Please be patient.
You need GNU make, autoconf 2.58 (or newer), automake 1.8, libtool 1.5, and m4 to run the next set of commands. Even though many operating systems come with their own implementation of make, chances are high that the compilation fails with strange error messages. Therefore, it is highly recommended that you use GNU make (sometimes named gmake) instead.
Fortunately, a large number of operating systems ship with the GNU toolchain preinstalled or supply installable packages of these. They can also be downloaded from the following locations:
If you are trying to configure MySQL 4.1, you also need GNU bison 1.75 or later. Older versions of bison may report this error:
sql_yacc.yy:#####: fatal error: maximum table size (32767) exceeded
Note: The maximum table size is not actually exceeded; the error is caused by bugs in older versions of bison.
Versions of MySQL before version 4.1 may also compile with other yacc implementations (for example, BSD yacc 91.7.30). For later versions, GNU bison is required.
The following example shows the typical commands required to
configure a source tree. The first cd
command changes location into the top-level directory of the
tree; replace mysql-5.0 with the
appropriate directory name.
shell>cd mysql-5.0shell>(cd bdb/dist; sh s_all)shell>(cd innobase; autoreconf --force --install)shell>autoreconf --force --installshell>./configure # Add your favorite options hereshell>make
Or you can use BUILD/autorun.sh as a shortcut for the following sequence of commands:
shell>aclocal; autoheadershell>libtoolize --automake --forceshell>automake --force --add-missing; autoconfshell>(cd innobase; aclocal; autoheader; autoconf; automake)shell>(cd bdb/dist; sh s_all)
The command lines that change directory into the
innobase and
bdb/dist directories are used to
configure the InnoDB and Berkeley DB
(BDB) storage engines. You can omit these
command lines if you to not require
InnoDB or BDB support.
If you get some strange errors during this stage, verify that you really have libtool installed.
A collection of our standard configuration scripts is
located in the BUILD subdirectory. You
may find it more convenient to use the
BUILD/compile-pentium-debug script than
the preceding set of shell commands. To compile on a
different architecture, modify the script by removing flags
that are Pentium-specific.
When the build is done, run make install.
Be careful with this on a production machine; the command
may overwrite your live release installation. If you have
another installation of MySQL, we recommend that you run
./configure with different values for the
--prefix, --with-tcp-port,
and --unix-socket-path options than those
used for your production server.
Play hard with your new installation and try to make the new features crash. Start by running make test. See Section 19.1.2, “MySQL Test Suite”.
If you have gotten to the make stage, but
the distribution does not compile, please enter the problem
into our bugs database using the instructions given in
Section 1.8, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”. If you have installed the
latest versions of the required GNU tools, and they crash
trying to process our configuration files, please report
that also. However, if you execute
aclocal and get a command not
found error or a similar problem, do not report
it. Instead, make sure that all the necessary tools are
installed and that your PATH variable is
set correctly so that your shell can find them.
After initially copying the repository with sfioball to obtain the source tree, you should use update periodically to update your local copy. To do this any time after you have set up the repository, use this command: (the example is for updating the 4.1 branch):
shell> update bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.1
You can examine the change history for the tree with all the
diffs by viewing the BK/ChangeLog file
in the source tree and looking at the
ChangeSet descriptions listed there. To
examine a particular changeset, you would have to use the
sfioball command to extract two
particular revisions of the source tree, and then use an
external diff command to compare them. If
you see diffs or code that you have a question about, do not
hesitate to send email to the MySQL
internals mailing list. See
Section 1.7.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”. If you think you have a
better idea on how to do something, send an email message to
the same address with a patch.
You can also browse changesets, comments, and source code online. For example, to browse this information for MySQL 4.1, go to http://mysql.bkbits.net:8080/mysql-4.1.
All MySQL programs compile cleanly for us with no warnings on Solaris or Linux using gcc. On other systems, warnings may occur due to differences in system include files. See Section 2.9.5, “MIT-pthreads Notes”, for warnings that may occur when using MIT-pthreads. For other problems, check the following list.
The solution to many problems involves reconfiguring. If you do need to reconfigure, take note of the following:
If configure is run after it has
previously been run, it may use information that was
gathered during its previous invocation. This information is
stored in config.cache. When
configure starts up, it looks for that
file and reads its contents if it exists, on the assumption
that the information is still correct. That assumption is
invalid when you reconfigure.
Each time you run configure, you must run make again to recompile. However, you may want to remove old object files from previous builds first because they were compiled using different configuration options.
To prevent old configuration information or object files from being used, run these commands before re-running configure:
shell>rm config.cacheshell>make clean
Alternatively, you can run make distclean.
The following list describes some of the problems when compiling MySQL that have been found to occur most often:
If you get errors such as the ones shown here when compiling
sql_yacc.cc, you probably have run out
of memory or swap space:
Internal compiler error: program cc1plus got fatal signal 11 Out of virtual memory Virtual memory exhausted
The problem is that gcc requires a huge
amount of memory to compile sql_yacc.cc
with inline functions. Try running
configure with the
--with-low-memory option:
shell> ./configure --with-low-memory
This option causes -fno-inline to be added
to the compile line if you are using gcc
and -O0 if you are using something else.
You should try the --with-low-memory option
even if you have so much memory and swap space that you
think you can't possibly have run out. This problem has been
observed to occur even on systems with generous hardware
configurations, and the --with-low-memory
option usually fixes it.
By default, configure picks
c++ as the compiler name and GNU
c++ links with -lg++. If
you are using gcc, that behavior can
cause problems during configuration such as this:
configure: error: installation or configuration problem: C++ compiler cannot create executables.
You might also observe problems during compilation related
to g++, libg++, or
libstdc++.
One cause of these problems is that you may not have
g++, or you may have
g++ but not libg++, or
libstdc++. Take a look at the
config.log file. It should contain the
exact reason why your C++ compiler did not work. To work
around these problems, you can use gcc as
your C++ compiler. Try setting the environment variable
CXX to "gcc -O3". For
example:
shell> CXX="gcc -O3" ./configure
This works because gcc compiles C++
source files as well as g++ does, but
does not link in libg++ or
libstdc++ by default.
Another way to fix these problems is to install
g++, libg++, and
libstdc++. However, we recommend that you
not use libg++ or
libstdc++ with MySQL because this only
increases the binary size of mysqld
without providing any benefits. Some versions of these
libraries have also caused strange problems for MySQL users
in the past.
Using gcc as the C++ compiler is also
required if you want to compile MySQL with RAID
functionality (see Section 13.1.5, “CREATE TABLE Syntax”, for more
info on RAID table type) and you are using GNU
gcc version 3 and above. If you get
errors like those following during the linking stage when
you configure MySQL to compile with the option
--with-raid, try to use
gcc as your C++ compiler by defining the
CXX environment variable:
gcc -O3 -DDBUG_OFF -rdynamic -o isamchk isamchk.o sort.o libnisam.a ../mysys/libmysys.a ../dbug/libdbug.a ../strings/libmystrings.a -lpthread -lz -lcrypt -lnsl -lm -lpthread ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x79): In function `my_raid_create':: undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned)' ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0xdd): In function `my_raid_create':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)' ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x129): In function `my_raid_open':: undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned)' ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x189): In function `my_raid_open':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)' ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x64b): In function `my_raid_close':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)' collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
If your compilation fails with errors such as any of the following, you must upgrade your version of make to GNU make:
making all in mit-pthreads make: Fatal error in reader: Makefile, line 18: Badly formed macro assignment
Or:
make: file `Makefile' line 18: Must be a separator (:
Or:
pthread.h: No such file or directory
Solaris and FreeBSD are known to have troublesome make programs.
GNU make 3.75 is known to work.
If you want to define flags to be used by your C or C++
compilers, do so by adding the flags to the
CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS
environment variables. You can also specify the compiler
names this way using CC and
CXX. For example:
shell>CC=gccshell>CFLAGS=-O3shell>CXX=gccshell>CXXFLAGS=-O3shell>export CC CFLAGS CXX CXXFLAGS
See Section 2.1.2.5, “MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB”, for a list of flag definitions that have been found to be useful on various systems.
If you get errors such as those shown here when compiling
mysqld, configure did
not correctly detect the type of the last argument to
accept(),
getsockname(), or
getpeername():
cxx: Error: mysqld.cc, line 645: In this statement, the referenced
type of the pointer value ''length'' is ''unsigned long'',
which is not compatible with ''int''.
new_sock = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&cAddr, &length);
To fix this, edit the config.h file
(which is generated by configure). Look
for these lines:
/* Define as the base type of the last arg to accept */ #define SOCKET_SIZE_TYPE XXX
Change XXX to size_t
or int, depending on your operating
system. (You must do this each time you run
configure because
configure regenerates
config.h.)
The sql_yacc.cc file is generated from
sql_yacc.yy. Normally, the build
process does not need to create
sql_yacc.cc because MySQL comes with a
pre-generated copy. However, if you do need to re-create it,
you might encounter this error:
"sql_yacc.yy", line xxx fatal: default action causes potential...
This is a sign that your version of yacc is deficient. You probably need to install bison (the GNU version of yacc) and use that instead.
On Debian Linux 3.0, you need to install
gawk instead of the default
mawk if you want to compile MySQL 4.1 or
higher with Berkeley DB support.
If you need to debug mysqld or a MySQL
client, run configure with the
--with-debug option, and then recompile and
link your clients with the new client library. See
Section E.2, “Debugging a MySQL Client”.
If you get a compilation error on Linux (for example, SuSE Linux 8.1 or Red Hat Linux 7.3) similar to the following one, you probably do not have g++ installed:
libmysql.c:1329: warning: passing arg 5 of `gethostbyname_r' from incompatible pointer type libmysql.c:1329: too few arguments to function `gethostbyname_r' libmysql.c:1329: warning: assignment makes pointer from integer without a cast make[2]: *** [libmysql.lo] Error 1
By default, the configure script attempts to determine the correct number of arguments by using g++ (the GNU C++ compiler). This test yields incorrect results if g++ is not installed. There are two ways to work around this problem:
Make sure that the GNU C++ g++ is
installed. On some Linux distributions, the required
package is called gpp; on others, it
is named gcc-c++.
Use gcc as your C++ compiler by
setting the CXX environment variable
to gcc:
export CXX="gcc"
You must run configure again after making either of those changes.
This section describes some of the issues involved in using MIT-pthreads.
On Linux, you should not use MIT-pthreads. Use the installed LinuxThreads implementation instead. See Section 2.13.1, “Linux Notes”.
If your system does not provide native thread support, you should build MySQL using the MIT-pthreads package. This includes older FreeBSD systems, SunOS 4.x, Solaris 2.4 and earlier, and some others. See Section 2.1.1, “Operating Systems Supported by MySQL”.
Beginning with MySQL 4.0.2, MIT-pthreads is no longer part of the source distribution. If you require this package, you need to download it separately from http://dev.mysql.com/Downloads/Contrib/pthreads-1_60_beta6-mysql.tar.gz
After downloading, extract this source archive into the top
level of the MySQL source directory. It creates a new
subdirectory named mit-pthreads.
On most systems, you can force MIT-pthreads to be used by
running configure with the
--with-mit-threads option:
shell> ./configure --with-mit-threads
Building in a non-source directory is not supported when using MIT-pthreads because we want to minimize our changes to this code.
The checks that determine whether to use MIT-pthreads occur
only during the part of the configuration process that deals
with the server code. If you have configured the
distribution using --without-server to
build only the client code, clients do not know whether
MIT-pthreads is being used and use Unix socket file
connections by default. Because Unix socket files do not
work under MIT-pthreads on some platforms, this means you
need to use -h or --host
with a value other than localhost when
you run client programs.
When MySQL is compiled using MIT-pthreads, system locking is
disabled by default for performance reasons. You can tell
the server to use system locking with the
--external-locking option. This is needed
only if you want to be able to run two MySQL servers against
the same data files, but that is not recommended, anyway.
Sometimes the pthread bind() command
fails to bind to a socket without any error message (at
least on Solaris). The result is that all connections to the
server fail. For example:
shell> mysqladmin version
mysqladmin: connect to server at '' failed;
error: 'Can't connect to mysql server on localhost (146)'
The solution to this problem is to kill the mysqld server and restart it. This has happened to us only when we forced the server to shut down and then restarted it immediately.
With MIT-pthreads, the sleep() system
call isn't interruptible with SIGINT
(break). This is noticeable only when you run
mysqladmin --sleep. You must wait for the
sleep() call to terminate before the
interrupt is served and the process stops.
When linking, you might receive warning messages like these (at least on Solaris); they can be ignored:
ld: warning: symbol `_iob' has differing sizes:
(file /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) value=0x4;
file /usr/lib/libc.so value=0x140);
/my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) definition taken
ld: warning: symbol `__iob' has differing sizes:
(file /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) value=0x4;
file /usr/lib/libc.so value=0x140);
/my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) definition taken
Some other warnings also can be ignored:
implicit declaration of function `int strtoll(...)' implicit declaration of function `int strtoul(...)'
We have not gotten readline to work with
MIT-pthreads. (This is not needed, but may be interesting
for someone.)
These instructions describe how to build binaries from source for MySQL 4.1 and up on Windows. Instructions are provided for building binaries from a standard source distribution or from the BitKeeper tree that contains the latest development source.
Note: The instructions here are strictly for users who want to test MySQL on Windows from the latest source distribution or from the BitKeeper tree. For production use, MySQL AB does not advise using a MySQL server built by yourself from source. Normally, it is best to use precompiled binary distributions of MySQL that are built specifically for optimal performance on Windows by MySQL AB. Instructions for installing a binary distributions are available in Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”.
To build MySQL on Windows from source, you need the following compiler and resources available on your Windows system:
Visual Studio .Net 2003 (7.1) compiler system
Between 3GB and 5GB disk space.
Windows XP, Windows 2000 or higher.
The exact system requirements can be found here: http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/Previous/2003/sysreqs/default.aspx
You also need a MySQL source distribution for Windows. For MySQL 4.1 and up, there are two ways to obtain a source distribution:
Obtain a Windows source distribution packaged by MySQL AB for the particular version of MySQL in which you are interested. These are available from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/.
You can package a source distribution yourself from the latest BitKeeper developer source tree. If you plan to do this, you must create the package on a Unix system and then transfer it to your Windows system. (Some of the configuration and build steps require tools that work only on Unix.) The BitKeeper approach thus requires:
A system running Unix, or a Unix-like system such as Linux.
BitKeeper installed on that system. See Section 2.9.3, “Installing from the Development Source Tree”, for instructions how to download and install BitKeeper.
If you are using a Windows source distribution, you can go directly to Section 2.9.6.1, “Building MySQL Using VC++”. To build from the BitKeeper tree, proceed to Section 2.9.6.2, “Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source”.
If you find something not working as expected, or you have
suggestions about ways to improve the current build process on
Windows, please send a message to the win32
mailing list. See Section 1.7.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”.
Note: VC++ workspace files for MySQL 4.1 and above are compatible with Microsoft Visual Studio 7.1 and tested by MySQL AB staff before each release.
Follow this procedure to build MySQL:
Create a work directory (for example,
C:\workdir).
Unpack the source distribution in the aforementioned
directory using WinZip or other Windows
tool that can read .zip files.
Start Visual Studio .Net 2003 (7.1).
From the , select .
Open the mysql.sln solution you find
in the work directory.
From the menu, select .
In the pop-up menu, select the configuration to use. You likely want to use one of (normal server, not for Windows 98/ME), (more engines and features, not for 98/ME) or configuration.
From the menu, select .
Debug versions of the programs and libraries are placed in
the client_debug and
lib_debug directories. Release
versions of the programs and libraries are placed in the
client_release and
lib_release directories.
Test the server. The server built using the preceding
instructions expects that the MySQL base directory and
data directory are C:\mysql and
C:\mysql\data by default. If you want
to test your server using the source tree root directory
and its data directory as the base directory and data
directory, you need to tell the server their pathnames.
You can either do this on the command line with the
--basedir and --datadir
options, or by placing appropriate options in an option
file. (See Section 4.3.2, “Using Option Files”.) If you have an
existing data directory elsewhere that you want to use,
you can specify its pathname instead.
Start your server from the
client_release or
client_debug directory, depending on
which server you built or want to use. The general server
startup instructions are in
Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”. You must adapt the
instructions appropriately if you want to use a different
base directory or data directory.
When the server is running in standalone fashion or as a
service based on your configuration, try to connect to it
from the mysql interactive command-line
utility that exists in your
client_release or
client_debug directory.
When you are satisfied that the programs you have built are working correctly, stop the server. Then install MySQL as follows:
Create the directories where you want to install MySQL.
For example, to install into
C:\mysql, use these commands:
C:\>mkdir C:\mysqlC:\>mkdir C:\mysql\binC:\>mkdir C:\mysql\dataC:\>mkdir C:\mysql\shareC:\>mkdir C:\mysql\scripts
If you want to compile other clients and link them to MySQL, you should also create several additional directories:
C:\>mkdir C:\mysql\includeC:\>mkdir C:\mysql\libC:\>mkdir C:\mysql\lib\debugC:\>mkdir C:\mysql\lib\opt
If you want to benchmark MySQL, create this directory:
C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\sql-bench
Benchmarking requires Perl support. See Section 2.14, “Perl Installation Notes”.
From the workdir directory, copy into
the C:\mysql directory the following
directories:
C:\>cd \workdirC:\workdir>copy client_release\*.exe C:\mysql\binC:\workdir>copy client_debug\mysqld.exe C:\mysql\bin\mysqld-debug.exeC:\workdir>xcopy scripts\*.* C:\mysql\scripts /EC:\workdir>xcopy share\*.* C:\mysql\share /E
If you want to compile other clients and link them to MySQL, you should also copy several libraries and header files:
C:\workdir>copy lib_debug\mysqlclient.lib C:\mysql\lib\debugC:\workdir>copy lib_debug\libmysql.* C:\mysql\lib\debugC:\workdir>copy lib_debug\zlib.* C:\mysql\lib\debugC:\workdir>copy lib_release\mysqlclient.lib C:\mysql\lib\optC:\workdir>copy lib_release\libmysql.* C:\mysql\lib\optC:\workdir>copy lib_release\zlib.* C:\mysql\lib\optC:\workdir>copy include\*.h C:\mysql\includeC:\workdir>copy libmysql\libmysql.def C:\mysql\include
If you want to benchmark MySQL, you should also do this:
C:\workdir> xcopy sql-bench\*.* C:\mysql\bench /E
Set up and start the server in the same way as for the binary Windows distribution. See Section 2.3, “Installing MySQL on Windows”.
To create a Windows source package from the current BitKeeper source tree, use the instructions here. This procedure must be performed on a system running a Unix or Unix-like operating system because some of the configuration and build steps require tools that work only on Unix. For example, the following procedure is known to work well on Linux.
Copy the BitKeeper source tree for MySQL 4.1 (or above, as desired). For instructions on how to do this, see Section 2.9.3, “Installing from the Development Source Tree”.
Configure and build the distribution so that you have a server binary to work with. One way to do this is to run the following command in the top-level directory of your source tree:
shell> ./BUILD/compile-pentium-max
After making sure that the build process completed successfully, run the following utility script from top-level directory of your source tree:
shell> ./scripts/make_win_src_distribution
This script creates a Windows source package to be used on your Windows system. You can supply different options to the script based on your needs. It accepts the following options:
--help
Display a help message.
--debug
Print information about script operations, do not create package.
--tmp
Specify the temporary location.
--suffix
The suffix name for the package.
--dirname
Directory name to copy files (intermediate).
--silent
Do not print verbose list of files processed.
--tar
Create tar.gz package instead of
.zip package.
By default, make_win_src_distribution
creates a Zip-format archive with the name
mysql-,
where VERSION-win-src.zipVERSION represents the
version of your MySQL source tree.
Copy or upload the Windows source package that you have just created to your Windows machine. To compile it, use the instructions in Section 2.9.6.1, “Building MySQL Using VC++”.
In your source files, you should include
my_global.h before
mysql.h:
#include <my_global.h> #include <mysql.h>
my_global.h includes any other files needed
for Windows compatibility (such as
windows.h) if you compile your program on
Windows.
You can either link your code with the dynamic
libmysql.lib library, which is just a
wrapper to load in libmysql.dll on demand,
or link with the static mysqlclient.lib
library.
The MySQL client libraries are compiled as threaded libraries, so you should also compile your code to be multi-threaded.
After installing MySQL, there are some issues that you should address. For example, on Unix, you should initialize the data directory and create the MySQL grant tables. On all platforms, an important security concern is that the initial accounts in the grant tables have no passwords. You should assign passwords to prevent unauthorized access to the MySQL server. Optionally, for MySQL 4.1.3 and up, you can create time zone tables to enable recognition of named time zones.
The following sections include post-installation procedures that are specific to Windows systems and to Unix systems. Another section, Section 2.10.2.3, “Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server”, applies to all platforms; it describes what to do if you have trouble getting the server to start. Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”, also applies to all platforms. You should follow its instructions to make sure that you have properly protected your MySQL accounts by assigning passwords to them.
When you are ready to create additional user accounts, you can find information on the MySQL access control system and account management in Section 5.7, “The MySQL Access Privilege System”, and Section 5.8, “MySQL User Account Management”.
On Windows, the data directory and the grant tables do not have
to be created. MySQL Windows distributions include the grant
tables with a set of preinitialized accounts in the
mysql database under the data directory. It
is unnecessary to run the mysql_install_db
script that is used on Unix. Regarding passwords, if you
installed MySQL using the Windows Installation Wizard, you may
have already assigned passwords to the accounts. (See
Section 2.3.3, “Using the MySQL Installation Wizard”.) Otherwise, use the
password-assignment procedure given in
Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”.
Before setting up passwords, you might want to try running some client programs to make sure that you can connect to the server and that it is operating properly. Make sure that the server is running (see Section 2.3.9, “Starting the Server for the First Time”), and then issue the following commands to verify that you can retrieve information from the server. The output should be similar to what is shown here:
C:\>C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow+-----------+ | Databases | +-----------+ | mysql | | test | +-----------+ C:\>C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow mysqlDatabase: mysql +---------------------------+ | Tables | +---------------------------+ | columns_priv | | db | | func | | help_category | | help_keyword | | help_relation | | help_topic | | host | | proc | | procs_priv | | tables_priv | | time_zone | | time_zone_leap_second | | time_zone_name | | time_zone_transition | | time_zone_transition_type | | user | +---------------------------+ C:\>C:\mysql\bin\mysql -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM db" mysql+------+-------+------+ | host | db | user | +------+-------+------+ | % | test% | | +------+-------+------+
If you are running a version of Windows that supports services and you want the MySQL server to run automatically when Windows starts, see Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.
After installing MySQL on Unix, you need to initialize the grant tables, start the server, and make sure that the server works satisfactorily. You may also wish to arrange for the server to be started and stopped automatically when your system starts and stops. You should also assign passwords to the accounts in the grant tables.
On Unix, the grant tables are set up by the mysql_install_db program. For some installation methods, this program is run for you automatically:
If you install MySQL on Linux using RPM distributions, the server RPM runs mysql_install_db.
If you install MySQL on Mac OS X using a PKG distribution, the installer runs mysql_install_db.
Otherwise, you will need to run mysql_install_db yourself.
The following procedure describes how to initialize the grant tables (if that has not previously been done) and then start the server. It also suggests some commands that you can use to test whether the server is accessible and working properly. For information about starting and stopping the server automatically, see Section 2.10.2.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”.
After you complete the procedure and have the server running, you should assign passwords to the accounts created by mysql_install_db. Instructions for doing so are given in Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”.
In the examples shown here, the server runs under the user ID of
the mysql login account. This assumes that
such an account exists. Either create the account if it does not
exist, or substitute the name of a different existing login
account that you plan to use for running the server.
Change location into the top-level directory of your MySQL
installation, represented here by
BASEDIR:
shell> cd BASEDIR
BASEDIR is likely to be something
like /usr/local/mysql or
/usr/local. The following steps assume
that you are located in this directory.
If necessary, run the mysql_install_db program to set up the initial MySQL grant tables containing the privileges that determine how users are allowed to connect to the server. You'll need to do this if you used a distribution type for which the installation procedure doesn't run the program for you.
Typically, mysql_install_db needs to be run only the first time you install MySQL, so you can skip this step if you are upgrading an existing installation, However, mysql_install_db does not overwrite any existing privilege tables, so it should be safe to run in any circumstances.
To initialize the grant tables, use one of the following
commands, depending on whether
mysql_install_db is located in the
bin or scripts
directory:
shell>bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysqlshell>scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
The mysql_install_db script creates the
server's data directory. Under the data directory, it
creates directories for the mysql
database that holds all database privileges and the
test database that you can use to test
MySQL. The script also creates privilege table entries for
root and anonymous-user accounts. The
accounts have no passwords initially. A description of their
initial privileges is given in
Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”. Briefly, these
privileges allow the MySQL root user to
do anything, and allow anybody to create or use databases
with a name of test or starting with
test_.
It is important to make sure that the database directories
and files are owned by the mysql login
account so that the server has read and write access to them
when you run it later. To ensure this, the
--user option should be used as shown if
you run mysql_install_db as
root. Otherwise, you should execute the
script while logged in as mysql, in which
case you can omit the --user option from
the command.
mysql_install_db creates several tables
in the mysql database:
user, db,
host, tables_priv,
columns_priv, func,
and possibly others depending on your version of MySQL.
If you do not want to have the test
database, you can remove it with mysqladmin -u root
drop test after starting the server.
If you have trouble with mysql_install_db at this point, see Section 2.10.2.1, “Problems Running mysql_install_db”.
Start the MySQL server:
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute bin/safe_mysqld for bin/mysqld_safe in this command.
It is important that the MySQL server be run using an
unprivileged (non-root) login account. To
ensure this, the --user option should be
used as shown if you run mysql_safe as
root. Otherwise, you should execute the
script while logged in as mysql, in which
case you can omit the --user option from
the command.
Further instructions for running MySQL as an unprivileged user are given in Section 5.6.5, “How to Run MySQL as a Normal User”.
If you neglected to create the grant tables before proceeding to this step, the following message appears in the error log file when you start the server:
mysqld: Can't find file: 'host.frm'
If you have other problems starting the server, see Section 2.10.2.3, “Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server”.
Use mysqladmin to verify that the server is running. The following commands provide simple tests to check whether the server is up and responding to connections:
shell>bin/mysqladmin versionshell>bin/mysqladmin variables
The output from mysqladmin version varies slightly depending on your platform and version of MySQL, but should be similar to that shown here:
shell> bin/mysqladmin version
mysqladmin Ver 14.7 Distrib 4.1.19, for linux on i586
Copyright (C) 2000 MySQL AB & MySQL Finland AB & TCX DataKonsult AB
This software comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software,
and you are welcome to modify and redistribute it under the GPL license
Server version 4.1.19-max
Protocol version 10
Connection Localhost via Unix socket
TCP port 3306
UNIX socket var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
Uptime: 5 days 19 hours 19 min 0 sec
Threads: 1 Questions: 163 Slow queries: 0
Opens: 11 Flush tables:1 Open tables: 0 Queries per second avg: 0.007
Threads: 1 Questions: 9 Slow queries: 0
To see what else you can do with
mysqladmin, invoke it with the
--help option.
Verify that you can shut down the server:
shell> bin/mysqladmin -u root shutdown
Verify that you can start the server again. Do this by using mysqld_safe or by invoking mysqld directly. For example:
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql --log &
If mysqld_safe fails, see Section 2.10.2.3, “Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server”.
Run some simple tests to verify that you can retrieve information from the server. The output should be similar to what is shown here:
shell>bin/mysqlshow+-----------+ | Databases | +-----------+ | mysql | | test | +-----------+ shell>bin/mysqlshow mysqlDatabase: mysql +--------------+ | Tables | +--------------+ | columns_priv | | db | | func | | host | | tables_priv | | user | +--------------+ shell>bin/mysql -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM db" mysql+------+--------+------+ | host | db | user | +------+--------+------+ | % | test | | | % | test_% | | +------+--------+------+
There is a benchmark suite in the
sql-bench directory (under the MySQL
installation directory) that you can use to compare how
MySQL performs on different platforms. The benchmark suite
is written in Perl. It requires the Perl DBI module that
provides a database-independent interface to the various
databases, and some other additional Perl modules:
DBI DBD::mysql Data::Dumper Data::ShowTable
These modules can be obtained from CPAN (http://www.cpan.org/). See Section 2.14.1, “Installing Perl on Unix”.
The sql-bench/Results directory
contains the results from many runs against different
databases and platforms. To run all tests, execute these
commands:
shell>cd sql-benchshell>perl run-all-tests
If you do not have the sql-bench
directory, you probably installed MySQL using RPM files
other than the source RPM. (The source RPM includes the
sql-bench benchmark directory.) In this
case, you must first install the benchmark suite before you
can use it. Beginning with MySQL 3.22, there are separate
benchmark RPM files named
mysql-bench-
that contain benchmark code and data.
VERSION-i386.rpm
If you have a source distribution, there are also tests in
its tests subdirectory that you can
run. For example, to run
auto_increment.tst, execute this
command from the top-level directory of your source
distribution:
shell> mysql -vvf test < ./tests/auto_increment.tst
The expected result of the test can be found in the
./tests/auto_increment.res file.
At this point, you should have the server running. However, none of the initial MySQL accounts have a password, so you should assign passwords using the instructions found in Section 2.10.3, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”.
As of MySQL 4.1.3, the installation procedure creates time zone
tables in the mysql database. However, you
must populate the tables manually using the instructions in
Section 5.10.8, “MySQL Server Time Zone Support”.
The purpose of the mysql_install_db script is to generate new MySQL privilege tables. It does not overwrite existing MySQL privilege tables, and it does not affect any other data.
If you want to re-create your privilege tables, first stop the
mysqld server if it is running. Then rename
the mysql directory under the data
directory to save it, and then run
mysql_install_db. Suppose that your current
directory is the MySQL installation directory and that
mysql_install_db is located in the
bin directory and the data directory is
named data. To rename the
mysql database and re-run
mysql_install_db, use these commands.
shell>mv data/mysql data/mysql.oldshell>bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
When you run mysql_install_db, you might encounter the following problems:
mysql_install_db does not install the grant tables
You may find that mysql_install_db fails to install the grant tables and terminates after displaying the following messages:
Starting mysqld daemon with databases from XXXXXX mysqld ended
In this case, you should examine the error log file very
carefully. The log should be located in the directory
XXXXXX named by the error message and
should indicate why mysqld didn't
start. If you do not understand what happened, include the
log when you post a bug report. See
Section 1.8, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.
There is a mysqld process running
This indicates that the server is running, in which case the grant tables have probably been created already. If so, there is no need to run mysql_install_db at all because it needs to be run only once (when you install MySQL the first time).
Installing a second mysqld server does not work when one server is running
This can happen when you have an existing MySQL installation, but want to put a new installation in a different location. For example, you might have a production installation, but you want to create a second installation for testing purposes. Generally the problem that occurs when you try to run a second server is that it tries to use a network interface that is in use by the first server. In this case, you should see one of the following error messages:
Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port: Address already in use Can't start server: Bind on unix socket...
For instructions on setting up multiple servers, see Section 5.12, “Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine”.
You do not have write access to the
/tmp directory
If you do not have write access to create temporary files
or a Unix socket file in the default location (the
/tmp directory), an error occurs when
you run mysql_install_db or the
mysqld server.
You can specify different locations for the temporary
directory and Unix socket file by executing these commands
prior to starting mysql_install_db or
mysqld, where
some_tmp_dir is the full
pathname to some directory for which you have write
permission:
shell>TMPDIR=/some_tmp_dir/shell>MYSQL_UNIX_PORT=/some_tmp_dir/mysql.sockshell>export TMPDIR MYSQL_UNIX_PORT
Then you should be able to run mysql_install_db and start the server with these commands:
shell>bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysqlshell>bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
If mysql_install_db is located in the
scripts directory, modify the first
command to use
scripts/mysql_install_db.
See Section A.4.5, “How to Protect or Change the MySQL Unix Socket File”, and Appendix F, Environment Variables.
There are some alternatives to running the mysql_install_db script provided in the MySQL distribution:
If you want the initial privileges to be different from
the standard defaults, you can modify
mysql_install_db before you run it.
However, a preferable technique is to use
GRANT and REVOKE to
change the privileges after the grant tables have been set
up. In other words, you can run
mysql_install_db, and then use
mysql -u root mysql to connect to the
server as the MySQL root user so that
you can issue the GRANT and
REVOKE statements.
If you want to install MySQL on several machines with the
same privileges, you can put the GRANT
and REVOKE statements in a file and
execute the file as a script using
mysql after running
mysql_install_db. For example:
shell>bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysqlshell>bin/mysql -u root < your_script_file
By doing this, you can avoid having to issue the statements manually on each machine.
It is possible to re-create the grant tables completely
after they have previously been created. You might want to
do this if you are just learning how to use
GRANT and REVOKE and
have made so many modifications after running
mysql_install_db that you want to wipe
out the tables and start over.
To re-create the grant tables, remove all the
.frm, .MYI, and
.MYD files in the
mysql database directory. Then run the
mysql_install_db script again.
Note: For MySQL versions
older than 3.22.10, you should not delete the
.frm files. If you accidentally do
this, you should copy them back into the
mysql directory from your MySQL
distribution before running
mysql_install_db.
You can start mysqld manually using the
--skip-grant-tables option and add the
privilege information yourself using
mysql:
shell>bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql --skip-grant-tables &shell>bin/mysql mysql
From mysql, manually execute the SQL commands contained in mysql_install_db. Make sure that you run mysqladmin flush-privileges or mysqladmin reload afterward to tell the server to reload the grant tables.
Note that by not using mysql_install_db, you not only have to populate the grant tables manually, you also have to create them first.
Generally, you start the mysqld server in one of these ways:
By invoking mysqld directly. This works on any platform.
By running the MySQL server as a Windows service. This can be done on versions of Windows that support services (such as NT, 2000, XP, and 2003). The service can be set to start the server automatically when Windows starts, or as a manual service that you start on request. For instructions, see Section 2.3.11, “Starting MySQL as a Windows Service”.
By invoking mysqld_safe, which tries to determine the proper options for mysqld and then runs it with those options. This script is used on Unix and Unix-like systems. See Section 5.4.1, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.
By invoking mysql.server. This script
is used primarily at system startup and shutdown on
systems that use System V-style run directories, where it
usually is installed under the name
mysql. The
mysql.server script starts the server
by invoking mysqld_safe. See
Section 5.4.2, “mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script”.
On Mac OS X, you can install a separate MySQL Startup Item package to enable the automatic startup of MySQL on system startup. The Startup Item starts the server by invoking mysql.server. See Section 2.5, “Installing MySQL on Mac OS X”, for details.
The mysqld_safe and mysql.server scripts and the Mac OS X Startup Item can be used to start the server manually, or automatically at system startup time. mysql.server and the Startup Item also can be used to stop the server.
To start or stop the server manually using the
mysql.server script, invoke it with
start or stop arguments:
shell>mysql.server startshell>mysql.server stop
Before mysql.server starts the server, it
changes location to the MySQL installation directory, and then
invokes mysqld_safe. If you want the server
to run as some specific user, add an appropriate
user option to the
[mysqld] group of the
/etc/my.cnf option file, as shown later
in this section. (It is possible that you will need to edit
mysql.server if you've installed a binary
distribution of MySQL in a non-standard location. Modify it to
cd into the proper directory before it runs
mysqld_safe. If you do this, your modified
version of mysql.server may be overwritten
if you upgrade MySQL in the future, so you should make a copy
of your edited version that you can reinstall.)
mysql.server stop stops the server by sending a signal to it. You can also stop the server manually by executing mysqladmin shutdown.
To start and stop MySQL automatically on your server, you need
to add start and stop commands to the appropriate places in
your /etc/rc* files.
If you use the Linux server RPM package
(MySQL-server-),
the mysql.server script is installed in the
VERSION.rpm/etc/init.d directory with the name
mysql. You need not install it manually.
See Section 2.4, “Installing MySQL on Linux”, for more information on the
Linux RPM packages.
Some vendors provide RPM packages that install a startup script under a different name such as mysqld.
If you install MySQL from a source distribution or using a
binary distribution format that does not install
mysql.server automatically, you can install
it manually. The script can be found in the
support-files directory under the MySQL
installation directory or in a MySQL source tree.
To install mysql.server manually, copy it
to the /etc/init.d directory with the
name mysql, and then make it executable. Do
this by changing location into the appropriate directory where
mysql.server is located and executing these
commands:
shell>cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqlshell>chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysql
Older Red Hat systems use the
/etc/rc.d/init.d directory rather than
/etc/init.d. Adjust the preceding
commands accordingly. Alternatively, first create
/etc/init.d as a symbolic link that
points to /etc/rc.d/init.d:
shell>cd /etcshell>ln -s rc.d/init.d .
After installing the script, the commands needed to activate it to run at system startup depend on your operating system. On Linux, you can use chkconfig:
shell> chkconfig --add mysql
On some Linux systems, the following command also seems to be necessary to fully enable the mysql script:
shell> chkconfig --level 345 mysql on
On FreeBSD, startup scripts generally should go in
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/. The
rc(8) manual page states that scripts in
this directory are executed only if their basename matches the
*.sh shell filename pattern. Any other
files or directories present within the directory are silently
ignored. In other words, on FreeBSD, you should install the
mysql.server script as
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql.server.sh to
enable automatic startup.
As an alternative to the preceding setup, some operating
systems also use /etc/rc.local or
/etc/init.d/boot.local to start
additional services on startup. To start up MySQL using this
method, you could append a command like the one following to
the appropriate startup file:
/bin/sh -c 'cd /usr/local/mysql; ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &'
For other systems, consult your operating system documentation to see how to install startup scripts.
You can add options for mysql.server in a
global /etc/my.cnf file. A typical
/etc/my.cnf file might look like this:
[mysqld] datadir=/usr/local/mysql/var socket=/var/tmp/mysql.sock port=3306 user=mysql [mysql.server] basedir=/usr/local/mysql
The mysql.server script understands the
following options: basedir,
datadir, and pid-file.
If specified, they must be placed in an
option file, not on the command line.
mysql.server understands only
start and stop as
command-line arguments.
The following table shows which option groups the server and each startup script read from option files:
| Script | Option Groups |
| mysqld | [mysqld], [server],
[mysqld- |
| mysqld_safe | [mysqld], [server],
[mysqld_safe] |
| mysql.server | [mysqld], [mysql.server] |
[mysqld-
means that groups with names like
major_version][mysqld-4.0],
[mysqld-4.1], and
[mysqld-5.0] are read by servers having
versions 4.0.x, 4.1.x, 5.0.x, and so forth. This feature was
added in MySQL 4.0.14. It can be used to specify options that
can be read only by servers within a given release series.
For backward compatibility, mysql.server
also reads the [mysql_server] group and
mysqld_safe also reads the
[safe_mysqld] group. However, you should
update your option files to use the
[mysql.server] and
[mysqld_safe] groups instead when you begin
using MySQL 4.0 or later.
This section provides troubleshooting suggestions for problems starting the server on Unix. If you are using Windows, see Section 2.3.13, “Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows”.
If you have problems starting the server, here are some things to try:
Check the error log to see why the server does not start.
Specify any special options needed by the storage engines you are using.
Make sure that the server knows where to find the data directory.
Make sure that the server can access the data directory. The ownership and permissions of the data directory and its contents must be set such that the server can read and modify them.
Verify that the network interfaces the server wants to use are available.
Some storage engines have options that control their behavior.
You can create a my.cnf file and specify
startup options for the engines that you plan to use. If you
are going to use storage engines that support transactional
tables (InnoDB, BDB,
NDB), be sure that you have them configured
the way you want before starting the server:
If you are using InnoDB tables, refer
to the InnoDB-specific startup options.
In MySQL 3.23, you must configure
InnoDB explicitly or the server fails
to start. From MySQL 4.0 on, InnoDB
uses default values for its configuration options if you
specify none. See Section 14.2.4, “InnoDB Configuration”.
If you are using BDB (Berkeley DB)
tables, see Section 14.5.3, “BDB Startup Options”.
If you are using MySQL Cluster, see Section 15.4, “MySQL Cluster Configuration”.
Storage engines will use default option values if you specify none, but it is recommended that you review the available options and specify explicit values for those for which the defaults are not appropriate for your installation.
When the mysqld server starts, it changes location to the data directory. This is where it expects to find databases and where it expects to write log files. The server also writes the pid (process ID) file in the data directory.
The data directory location is hardwired in when the server is
compiled. This is where the server looks for the data
directory by default. If the data directory is located
somewhere else on your system, the server will not work
properly. You can determine what the default path settings are
by invoking mysqld with the
--verbose and --help
options. (Prior to MySQL 4.1, omit the
--verbose option.)
If the default locations don't match the MySQL installation layout on your system, you can override them by specifying options to mysqld or mysqld_safe on the command line or in an option file.
To specify the location of the data directory explicitly, use
the --datadir option. However, normally you
can tell mysqld the location of the base
directory under which MySQL is installed and it looks for the
data directory there. You can do this with the
--basedir option.
To check the effect of specifying path options, invoke
mysqld with those options followed by the
--verbose and --help
options. For example, if you change location into the
directory where mysqld is installed and
then run the following command, it shows the effect of
starting the server with a base directory of
/usr/local:
shell> ./mysqld --basedir=/usr/local --verbose --help
You can specify other options such as
--datadir as well, but
--verbose and --help must be
the last options. (Prior to MySQL 4.1, omit the
--verbose option.)
Once you determine the path settings you want, start the
server without --verbose and
--help.
If mysqld is currently running, you can find out what path settings it is using by executing this command:
shell> mysqladmin variables
Or:
shell> mysqladmin -h host_name variables
host_name is the name of the MySQL
server host.
If you get Errcode 13 (which means
Permission denied) when starting
mysqld, this means that the privileges of
the data directory or its contents do not allow the server
access. In this case, you change the permissions for the
involved files and directories so that the server has the
right to use them. You can also start the server as
root, but this raises security issues and
should be avoided.
On Unix, change location into the data directory and check the
ownership of the data directory and its contents to make sure
the server has access. For example, if the data directory is
/usr/local/mysql/var, use this command:
shell> ls -la /usr/local/mysql/var
If the data directory or its files or subdirectories are not
owned by the login account that you use for running the
server, change their ownership to that account. If the account
is named mysql, use these commands:
shell>chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/varshell>chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var
If the server fails to start up correctly, check the error
log. Log files are located in the data directory (typically
C:\mysql\data on Windows,
/usr/local/mysql/data for a Unix binary
distribution, and /usr/local/var for a
Unix source distribution). Look in the data directory for
files with names of the form
host_name.errhost_name.loghost_name is the name of your
server host. (Older servers on Windows use
mysql.err as the error log name.) Then
check the last few lines of these files. On Unix, you can use
tail to display the last few lines:
shell>tailshell>host_name.errtailhost_name.log
The error log should contain information that indicates why the server couldn't start. For example, you might see something like this in the log:
000729 14:50:10 bdb: Recovery function for LSN 1 27595 failed 000729 14:50:10 bdb: warning: ./test/t1.db: No such file or directory 000729 14:50:10 Can't init databases
This means that you did not start mysqld
with the --bdb-no-recover option and Berkeley
DB found something wrong with its own log files when it tried
to recover your databases. To be able to continue, you should
move away the old Berkeley DB log files from the database
directory to some other place, where you can later examine
them. The BDB log files are named in
sequence beginning with log.0000000001,
where the number increases over time.
If you are running mysqld with
BDB table support and
mysqld dumps core at startup, this could be
due to problems with the BDB recovery log.
In this case, you can try starting mysqld
with --bdb-no-recover. If that helps, you
should remove all BDB log files from the
data directory and try starting mysqld
again without the --bdb-no-recover option.
If either of the following errors occur, it means that some other program (perhaps another mysqld server) is using the TCP/IP port or Unix socket file that mysqld is trying to use:
Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port: Address already in use Can't start server: Bind on unix socket...
Use ps to determine whether you have another mysqld server running. If so, shut down the server before starting mysqld again. (If another server is running, and you really want to run multiple servers, you can find information about how to do so in Section 5.12, “Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine”.)
If no other server is running, try to execute the command
telnet . (The
default MySQL port number is 3306.) Then press Enter a couple
of times. If you don't get an error message like
your_host_name
tcp_ip_port_numbertelnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection
refused, some other program is using the TCP/IP port
that mysqld is trying to use. You'll need
need to track down what program this is and disable it, or
else to tell mysqld to listen on a
different port with the --port option. In
this case, you also need to specify the port number for client
programs when connecting to the server via TCP/IP.
Another reason the port might be inaccessible is that you have a firewall running that blocks connections to it. If so, modify the firewall settings to allow access to the port.
If the server starts but you cannot connect to it, you should
make sure that you have an entry in
/etc/hosts that looks like this:
127.0.0.1 localhost
This problem occurs only on systems that do not have a working thread library and for which MySQL must be configured to use MIT-pthreads.
If you cannot get mysqld to start, you can
try to make a trace file to find the problem by using the
--debug option. See
Section E.1.2, “Creating Trace Files”.
Part of the MySQL installation process is to set up the
mysql database that contains the grant
tables:
Windows distributions contain preinitialized grant tables that are installed automatically.
On Unix, the grant tables are populated by the mysql_install_db program. Some installation methods run this program for you. Others require that you execute it manually. For details, see Section 2.10.2, “Unix Post-Installation Procedures”.
The grant tables define the initial MySQL user accounts and their access privileges. These accounts are set up as follows:
Accounts are created with the username
root. These are superuser accounts that
can do anything. The initial root account
passwords are empty, so anyone can connect to the MySQL
server as root without a
password and be granted all privileges.
On Windows, prior to MySQL 4.1.10, two
root accounts are created; one of
these is for connecting from the local host and the
other allows connections from any host. Beginning with
MySQL 4.1.10, the Windows installer creates only one
root account, which can connect from
the local machine only. The Windows installer will
optionally create an account allowing for connections
from any host only if the user selects the
Enable root access from remote
machines option during installation.
On Unix, both root accounts are for
connections from the local host. Connections must be
made from the local host by specifying a hostname of
localhost for one of the accounts, or
the actual hostname or IP number for the other.
Two anonymous-user accounts are created, each with an empty username. The anonymous accounts have no password, so anyone can use them to connect to the MySQL server.
On Windows, one anonymous account is for connections
from the local host. It has all privileges, just like
the root accounts. The other is for
connections from any host and has all privileges for the
test database and for other databases
with names that start with test.
On Unix, both anonymous accounts are for connections
from the local host. Connections must be made from the
local host by specifying a hostname of
localhost for one of the accounts, or
the actual hostname or IP number for the other. These
accounts have all privileges for the
test database and for other databases
with names that start with test_.
As noted, none of the initial accounts have passwords. This means that your MySQL installation is unprotected until you do something about it:
If you want to prevent clients from connecting as anonymous users without a password, you should either assign a password to each anonymous account or else remove the accounts.
You should assign a password to each MySQL
root account.
The following instructions describe how to set up passwords for
the initial MySQL accounts, first for the anonymous accounts and
then for the root accounts. Replace
newpwd in the examples with the
actual password that you want to use. The instructions also
cover how to remove the anonymous accounts, should you prefer
not to allow anonymous access at all.
You might want to defer setting the passwords until later, so that you don't need to specify them while you perform additional setup or testing. However, be sure to set them before using your installation for production purposes.
Anonymous Account Password Assignment
To assign passwords to the anonymous accounts, connect to the
server as root and then use either
SET PASSWORD or UPDATE. In
either case, be sure to encrypt the password using the
PASSWORD() function.
To use SET PASSWORD on Windows, do this:
shell>mysql -u rootmysql>SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'localhost' = PASSWORD('mysql>newpwd');SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'%' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
To use SET PASSWORD on Unix, do this:
shell>mysql -u rootmysql>SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'localhost' = PASSWORD('mysql>newpwd');SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'host_name' = PASSWORD('newpwd');
In the second SET PASSWORD statement, replace
host_name with the name of the server
host. This is the name that is specified in the
Host column of the
non-localhost record for
root in the user table. If
you do not know what hostname this is, issue the following
statement before using SET PASSWORD:
mysql> SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user;
Look for the record that has root in the
User column and something other than
localhost in the Host
column. Then use that Host value in the
second SET PASSWORD statement.
The other way to assign passwords to the anonymous accounts is
by using UPDATE to modify the
user table directly. Connect to the server as
root and issue an UPDATE
statement that assigns a value to the
Password column of the appropriate
user table records. The procedure is the same
for Windows and Unix. The following UPDATE
statement assigns a password to both anonymous accounts at once:
shell>mysql -u rootmysql>UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD('->newpwd')WHERE User = '';mysql>FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
After you update the passwords in the user
table directly using UPDATE, you must tell
the server to re-read the grant tables with FLUSH
PRIVILEGES. Otherwise, the change goes unnoticed until
you restart the server.
Anonymous Account Removal
If you prefer to remove the anonymous accounts instead, do so as follows:
shell>mysql -u rootmysql>DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE User = '';mysql>FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
The DELETE statement applies both to Windows
and to Unix. On Windows, if you want to remove only the
anonymous account that has the same privileges as
root, do this instead:
shell>mysql -u rootmysql>DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE Host='localhost' AND User='';mysql>FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
That account allows anonymous access but has full privileges, so removing it improves security.
root Account Password
Assignment
You can assign passwords to the root accounts
in several ways. The following discussion demonstrates three
methods:
Use the SET PASSWORD statement
Use the mysqladmin command-line client program
Use the UPDATE statement
To assign passwords using SET PASSWORD,
connect to the server as root and issue two
SET PASSWORD statements. Be sure to encrypt
the password using the PASSWORD() function.
For Windows, do this:
shell>mysql -u rootmysql>SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('